Indiana Jones: Raiders of the Lost Ark Hero’s Journey Analysis Essay

Ordinary World In the first opening scene we see is Indiana Jone’s whip in his pocket. Then we see the hat from behind and that is when the die-hard Indiana Jones fans realize that they are witnessing the entrance of a great hero. The ordinary world for Indiana Jones is really not that boring at all. He is constantly hit on by many undergraduates that he teaches in his Archaeology class. A prime example being an extremely attractive undergraduate girl closes her eye lids to display the message â€Å"LOVE YOU.† The Call The call to action in this movie was when the two federal agents came to enlist the help of Indiana Jones to acquire the Ark of the Covenant. Indiana Jones informs them of the history behind the Ark and is informed that the Nazis have found Tanis the last known location of the Ark. Jones informs the federal agents that he is no expert on the subject of Ark myth, but they should be asking Abner Ravenwood. Ravenwood collected many relics of Tanis including the head piece to the Staff of Ra. The head piece is the key to finding the Well of Souls where the Ark is kept. The Refusal Indiana Jones is gung ho about embarking on his quest to find the Ark of the Covenant. Marcus Brody, the head curator of the National Museum tells Jones that is might not be a good idea to go seeking the Ark. Brody expresses his convern when he says, â€Å"Well, I mean that for nearly three thousand years man has been searching for the lost ark. It’s not something to be taken lightly. No one knows its secrets. It’s like nothing you’ve ever gone after before.† Jones tells Brody not to worry, for he does not believe in the supernatural.† Meeting the Mentor This movie has a slight twist in terms of meeting the mentor. The mentor, Abner Ravenwood is mentioned but we never get to meet him, for Jones and he had a falling out many years prior. Jones later meets up with Sollah who guides him through Egypt. Crossing the Threshold In this movie, however, Jones goes to Nepal to go see Marion, Abner Ravenwoods’ daughter, to obtain the head piece to the Staff of Ra. Accomplishing this task is not easy for Jones because a romantic encounter he had with Marion years earlier. Test Allies & Enemies Indiana Jones is greeted quite rudely when he enters through Marion’s door she says, â€Å"Always knew someday you’d come back through my door!† and then proceeds to punch him, â€Å"In the last ten years, I learned to hate you. I was a child. You knew what you were doing.† Jones finds out that his mentor is dead. He gives her money to buy the head piece, and she tells him to come back tomorrow to retrieve it. After Jones leaves the bar, agents from the German Gustapo looking for the head piece. They subdue her and threaten to burn her with a hot poker in order to torture her for information about the whereabouts the head piece. Right as they are about to start the torment Jones comes in and saves her by whipping out the hot poker out of the tormentor’s hands. The hot poker lights the curtains ablaze resulting in the head piece heating up. The head Gustapo officer grabs the medallion and burns his hands in the process. Marion then pays back the favor to Jones by shooting an assailant saving Jones’ life. She looks and turns to Jones and says, â€Å"I’m your god damned partner!† At this point a partnership has been formed and we have Jones’ first major ally in the quest to find the Ark. The Approach * They arrive in Cairo in Egypt, where they meet up with Sollah, and an old colleague of Jone’s. * Rene Belloch is running the archaeological dig in Tannis * The Germans have found the map room that Jones had mentioned before, but cannot find the location to the Well of Souls without the head piece. * Sollah acts as their guide and warns them of the dangers * â€Å"The Ark. If it is there, at Tanis, then it is something that man was not meant to disturb. * Death has always surrounded it. It is not of this earth.† – Sollah * Jones and Marian start to rekindle their relationship * They are attacked by the Nazis and Jones throws Marion in a basket to keep her safe from harm * While hiding in the basket the monkey hops on the top cover of the basket, giving her position away * Indiana Jones seeks out Marion but is unable to find her * He shoots the explosives truck and the truck explodes which leads Jones to believe that Marian is dead * He meets up with Sollah after and they come to the conclusion that they only have one side of the head piece * The Nazis are digging in the wrong place * Sollah and Jones realize they do not have much time, for they must get to the map room around 9:00am when the sun hits the map room * The sun shines through and points them to the location where they must dig * Jones goes to Balloch’s tent and finds Marion * Jones promises to come back for her after he retrieves the Ark * They find the entrance to the Well of Souls when they are ambushed by Belloch and his Nazi cohorts Supreme Ordeal Jones is locked inside with Marion in the Well of Souls. The floor is covered with snakes which makes this even more excruciating for Jones. Snakes are Jones’ worst fear and he despises them with a passion. At this point it seems as if all hope is lost, but Jones and Marion manage to escape the Well of Souls and try to flee the archeological dig site at Tannis. The Reward After a fistfight with a giant Nazi mechanic, blowing up an airplane on the airstrip, and chasing down a fleet of trucks, Jones takes back the Ark before it can be shipped to Berlin. He obtains what he was looking for all along plus he has Marion by his side, which is what he really wanted all along. The Road Back Indiana and Marion leave Cairo to escort the Ark to England on board a steam boat. The next day, their boat is breached by Belloch, and the Nazis, who once again steal the Ark and kidnap Marion. Indiana stows away on their U-boat and follows them to an isolated island where Belloch plans to test the power of the Ark before presenting it to Hitler. Indiana reveals himself and threatens to destroy the Ark with a rocket-propelled grenade launcher, but Belloch calls his bluff, knowing Jones cannot bear to eradicate an important historical artifact. The Resurrection Indiana surrenders and is tied to a post with Marion as Belloch performs a ceremonial opening of the Ark, which appears to contain nothing but sand. Belloch’s Nazi cohorts start laughing thinking they had just wasted their time. Suddenly, angels start to emerge from the Ark. Aware of the supernatural danger of looking at the opened Ark, Indiana warns Marion to close her eyes. The apparitions suddenly morph into gruesome creatures of death, and lightning bolts and burst of fire and flame begin flying out of the Ark, killing the Nazi soldiers, while Belloch and the rest of the commanding officers meet their fates as well. Return with Elixir Indiana and Brody ask about the whereabouts of the ark and are informed by the federal agents that the Ark â€Å"is someplace safe† to be studied by â€Å"top men†. The Ark is sealed in a wooden crate and stored in a giant government warehouse in Area 51 filled with countless similar crates.

Father Son Conflict in Death of a Salesman and All My Sons

In the sass, French philosophers such as Roland Farther, Gilles Delude, Jacques Deride, Michel Faculty, and Jean- Franà §ois Leotard departed from conventional studies in the history of philosophy and Egan to address the epistemological crisis reinforcing Western philosophical thought. Their early scholarship focused on the structure of language and its role in forming world-views. The work of the Swiss linguist Ferdinand De Assures, especially his posthumous text entitled Course in General Linguistics, presented the Intellectual Insight Tanat was necessary In order to separate ten synchrony Ana diachronic elements of language.Dividing language and, in effect, freeing the sign from the signified, permitted obstructionists to redefine language as a system of differential signs. Jacques Dermis's early writings obfuscate Creature's linguistic turn. Deride could not stand the fact that the Western philosophical tradition privileges spoken (the sonic) over written language (the graphic). It is within this pyramid that the speaker is accepted to be self-authenticating and in control of meaning. The writer, within this representation, is displaced and, presumably, is not in control of meaning.Assures, according to Deride, continues the Western tradition by giving more importance to the spoken word over the written word. Deride describes this as phonetics's, a oppression of writing. His work seeks to invert the hierarchy and so present writing as a necessary displacement of meaning within language. Dermis's innovative variations on Creature's linguistic turn inaugurated postmodernism sustained dismantling of the metaphysics of presence in the Western philosophical tradition. Dermis's critique of language was followed by critiques of truth and meaning in philosophy.Drawing on the work of the German philosopher Frederica Nietzsche, Deride has disrupted the visualized belief that authors intend meaning and that there is a certain truth to be uncovered in texts. Deride, i n the Nietzsche tradition, views philosophy not as a search for truth, but as a rhetorical engagement with the world. Truth and meaning are not fixed: they are metaphorical. Others have extended Dermis's insights to the study of culture, literature, politics, and psychoanalysis, and, indeed, the displacement of meaning and truth characteristic of postmodernism has proved relevant to diverse academic disciplines.Cast in the best possible light, postmodernism challenges hierarchies and presents a multiplicity of interpretations with an optimism that is not shared by the majority of scholars. Postmodernism anti-foundations is often linked to, if not actually equated with, the logic of late capitalism (Frederic Jameson) and political conservatism. Emphasis on epistemological undesirability and the loss of the subject appears to have persuaded many scholars to view postmodernism as nihilistic and irrational.Nevertheless, postmodernism has come to be considered a significant endeavor in c ulture studies. The French philosopher Jean-Francis Leotard has articulated postmodernism within the aesthetic and political spheres. Leotard's postmodernism critiques the totaling tendency of modernity's monolithic world-views. Where there is completion and unity in modernism, one finds deferment and fragmentation in postmodernism. Leotard's major contribution toward a definition of postmodernism is his theory of intransitives.Modernity, according to Leotard, privileges all- encompassing narratives such as fascism, Marxism and capitalism. Leotard's postmodernism encourages little narratives that claim to avoid utilization and preserve heterogeneity. Leotard's challenge to the tendency to conceptualize history as events in a linear sequence means that, for him, postmodernism never can be represented in language or in history. Postmodernism for Leotard is neither a style nor an historical period. Instead, postmodernism is an unrepeatable deferment of conceptualization and totality.Th is is coming from us. And we have not come close to even confronting this thing† (CTD. In Abbots, 2007: 94). Miller by his drama conveys the necessity of a humanistic response to the contemporary world. Such a description closely resembles the objectified picture the postmodern critic, Jameson, creates of contemporary society, where he announces the death of individualism, â€Å"symbolized by the emergent Anoraks Hoot; Profaner Zipper/Studies in Literature and Language Volvo. L No. 8, 2010 primacy of mechanical production† (1991 5), by which all becomes identical and exists without individual identity, choice, or spirit.Miller carefully criticizes the consumer society and its capitalist logic. In fact Wily himself as salesman uses the language of advertisement to earn money. But this consumer world has harsh rules; it exploits everybody and as Wily affirms: â€Å"eat the orange and throw the peel away'(Miller: 61) although † a man is not a piece of Trust† ( 61 In Tact man must struggle Tort survival In a consumer collect, wanly Is Like a consumer industry produces not things, but dreams disguised as things. Wily by the harsh machinery of the contemporary consumer world is beaten down.He cannot get up back. Linda exhorts â€Å"But he's a human being, and a terrible thing is happening to him. So attention must be paid†(40). Wily is the victim of the American Dream and materialistic condition. Wily loan's condition is so close to everybody in the consumer world that develops a sense of kinship to each person. He makes the audience aware of a common fatality and vulnerability. The society that Wily belongs to, is the business world. His boss, Howard, is the representative of the business world, which rejects Wily.Unwilling to accommodate Will's inability to travel anymore, Howard says, â€Å"No, but it's a business, kid, and everybody's goat pull his own weight† (60). Indeed Wily is born as a salesman. Murphy defines this ide a: In the scene between Wily and Howard, he nearly sells Howard on the myth of Dave Signalman before he sabotages his sales pitch by losing his temper. Wily Leman is a very confused man, but his confusion about what it means to be a salesman and what it takes to succeed at the Job is as much cultural as personal (CTD In Abbots, 2007:108).Wily is fired, in the end, not because a hard-nosed employer wants to eat the fruit and throw away the peel but because Wily cannot even sell himself. Bigly(2005) describes Wily Leman â€Å"as agent of an intrusive commercialism victim ND martyr creature touchingly, tragically doomed by the business culture he represented but which also leaves him as solitary figure in the social landscape†(110). In the contemporary consumer world the problem of postmodern man is, he is not being himself. He becomes vehicle for participation in a cycle of production and consumption.He sells a commodity and becomes a commodity. When man thinks he can acquire e verything, material or immaterial by buying it, he regards his personal qualities and the result of his efforts as commodities that can be sold for money. Thus man misses the experience of the activity of the present moment and chases the illusory happiness called success. There are many like Wily, who put all their faith in personality, friendship, and personal loyalty-?†Be liked and you will never want† (Miller: 21), but by coming a new way of thinking about salesmanship everything has changed.Mass production and consumer culture have begun to alter his business economy, therefore, salesmanship has been treated as a profession to be learned. With mass production and increasing competition, buyers and merchants have begun to think more about profit. Murphy s idea about competition is interesting: With the stock market crash in 1929, and the Great Depression that followed it, the competition among salesmen became more and more cutthroat.As Wily tells Ben in one of the da ydream sequences that takes place in 1931, business is bad, it's murderous . Using all of the tricks that Wily has learned in a lifetime of selling, including seducing the buyer's secretary and bribing her with stockings, Wily is barely able to eke out a living for his family (CTD In Abbots, 2007:110). But during this period, the prevailing idea was still that, as Wily puts it, â€Å"the man who sakes an appearance in the business world, the man who creates personal interest, is the man who gets ahead† (21).According to Murphy: in the post-war period, there was a pent-up demand for things like new cars, tires, Dragon-name liquor, Ana nylon stockings, wanly Ana not Eden available ruling ten war. The enormous war industry was being retooled to produce consumer goods, and the advertising business was expanding rapidly as Americans were â€Å"educated† into desiring things like Anoraks Hoot; Profaner Zipper/Studies in Literature and Language Volvo. L No. 8, 2010 vacuum cle aners, television sets, and air conditioners, which had not been manufactured in large quantities before the war. CTD. In Abbots, 2007:111). Death of a Salesman does not simply show the predicaments of the modern man stuck in a postmodern world, but also displays the conflicting views of these two worlds. Bigly(2005), suggests: Wily Loan's American dream is drained of transcendence. It is a faith in the supremacy of the material over the spiritual. There is, though, another side to Wily, a side represented by the sense of insufficiency that sends him searching through his memories looking for the origin of failure, looking for expiation.It is a side, too, represented by his son Biff, who has inherited this aspect of his sensibility, as Happy has inherited the other. Biff is drawn to nature, to working with his hands. He has a sense of poetry, an awareness that life means more than the dollars he earns. Wily has that, too. The problem is that he thinks it is irrelevant to the imperat ives of his society and hence of his life which, to him, derives its meaning from that society (105). The Leman family is caught up in mindless consumerism, â€Å"whipped cheese† (6) and that these new products disrupt attempts at meaningful human interaction.Shockley states: Miller shows the power of advertising and consumerism, and the contradictions of attitudes toward products in the Leman family by having Wily call his Chevrolet both â€Å"the greatest car ever built† and â€Å"that goddamn Chevrolet† in the space of only a few minutes, and in Willis remark that â€Å"Once in my life I would like to own something outright before it's broken! † But while Wily utters these remarks, he still is completely caught up in the pursuit of the dream. (CTD. In bloom, 2007:86) I HAVE MONEY THEN I AM In Death of Salesman the Becoming of man is weighed through his bank balance.It is the strength of his bank account, which accordingly mirrors the importance of his existence as a being. The alienation that the industrial era brought upon men is witnessed in the character of Wily Leman. Through this alienation, Will's connectivity to society is severed and his tie to moral responsibility on behalf of mankind is weakened greatly. He brushes with the uglier side of capitalism, and yet seemed unable to recognize or condemn this brutal side. Shockley asserts: In competitive society the rewards of being successful for Wily is to be well liked and to be rich.To be rich also means to be â€Å"free† in the two senses above, with the added goldfinches of being admired, a model for others (CTD. In Bloom,2007: 84). Miller in Death of a Salesman gives the bitterest satire on human condition in contemporary century. He writes about demutualization result from Enlightenment. Miller criticizes the universal values of Enlightenment humanism. In the capitalism society, consumer culture shows the end of Grand narratives and western metaphysics, which brin g tremendous rifts and disintegration among people. Wily represents the reduction of

Reflection paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection paper - Assignment Example ment concepts beforehand, the scope of the project, as well as the effective planning strategies that his or her team may implement in order to achieve a project success. In any attempt of managing a certain project, specifically in one organization, it is expected that it has always been associated with various risks in the process. Hence, the project manager together with his or her employees should anticipate these risks in advance, and the possible problems that they may encounter in doing the project. With all these in mind, they can have all the chances of finding ways and solutions in preventing them to happen. (McNamara, 2011) Aside from the above given areas, the other aspect that mostly needed is the budget allocation, the financial resources is very essential to be ready by the time that the project starts, for many expenditures may occur as it progresses. Another thing is the time frame that is set for the project; regular monitoring of all activities that pertain to the project must be done; the project must be all set, and ready for delivery to the client’s satisfaction. In view thereof, a project is most likely has a successful outcome, if all the concepts of project management leadership are appropriately applied by a project manager together with his team members. (Symond, 2011) AlexisW (2011) has written in his article that many successful managers has been experiencing success in the respective industries, obviously because they strictly follow the theories and concepts that they learned in the business management course; at the same time, they have put all of them into practice in their own field. No mater what kind of project a project manager is working on, still, he or she needs to apply the three basic concepts in project management. Following important procedures, as well as setting a life cycle on the project, so as applying project management program are essential concepts for achieving remarkable project success. First in

The theology of St. Luke Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The theology of St. Luke - Essay Example The other significant features include the proper usage of vocabulary, context, the geographical backdrop and the historical settings. We delve into each one of these here. The study of Luke’s theology has been seen in quite an interesting manner over a period of considerable time and one can easily manifest the energy and dynamism attached with it. However there have been a number of treatises which have been made with regards to Luke and one such is the work, though done in a creative fashion by Conzelmann. There has been a lot of discussion related with the purpose of writing down the Gospel and the Acts as well as the extent and importance of the editing that has been made with the passage of some time2. The historical reliability lies solely on the shoulders of the author and the theological tendencies are something to be spoken about in a free and fair manner. Conzelmann makes this as a point whereby the statement is made in relation to Luke’s purpose which was nothing but to ensure the salvation of historical times is made in a sequential yet tactful manner. Add to that, Marshall analyzes this in the light of a similar feeling wher e the notion is related with the salvation in its own right indeed. Some have suggested that there is an apologetic tone attached with the very same while there are others who attach a theological motive with it. The apologetic motive is made in the form of the defense of Christianity for either a single reason or for another purpose altogether while on the other hand the theological motive is somewhat related with the identity of God’s people. Therefore an evaluation of Luke’s work in terms of whether or not the same serves a specified purpose largely depends on the rationale that is made on a person’s assessment where different matters are kept in close check nonetheless. All of these form up to result in

Scientific Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Scientific Management - Essay Example When scientific management was still relevant, employees were offered the fiscal rewards only. This is because workers valued economic rewards during that time. However, most organizations increase their productivity by controlling all factors in the work places as well as maintaining the social health and development of the workers in today’s organizations (Lunenburg & Ornstein 2008, p. 5).Furthermore, this management approach is not applicable today because its principles are authoritarian. This is because they assumed that only managers were accountable for decision-making because organizations did not trust the employees’ competence in decision-making in the past. According to Taylor, the increase in the organizations’ productivity relied on the divisions between the workers and experts or managers. Additionally, he also believed that managers should always direct the workers. This method negatively influences the workers’ motivation and satisfaction i n the work places. The modern organizations increase their productivity by involving all the organization’s participants including the employees in the decision making process. This motivates the workers because it makes them feel worthy in the organization. Additionally, it makes them feel respected by the organizations. Such respected workers usually work to their highest potential because they become loyal to the organization. Moreover, the piece rate payment systems used in the scientific management is not effective today because organizations center.... This motivates the workers because it makes them feel worthy in the organization. Additionally, it makes them feel respected by the organizations. Such respected workers usually work to their highest potential because they become loyal to the organization. Moreover, the piece rate payment systems used in the scientific management is not effective today because organizations center on superiority rather than capacity to increase the customers’ satisfaction and the organizations’ competency. The piece rate payment makes it hard for organizations to cheer workers to focus on quality. This is because workers believed that focusing on the quality of work would make them get low rewards because it was time wasting. This is because they valued quantity and not quality (Sandra 2000, p. 3). Additionally, scientific management is not effective today because many organizations can easily access technology and information. The current market is very competitive, making it difficult to apply the scientific management principles. The modern organizations process very high inputs and employees are very connected with organizations. However, employees often worked in isolation with the business in the scientific management system. Workers do not currently depend on the managers for information because all the necessary facts are obtainable on the Internet. This enables businesses to operate on an international scale. This is because businesses can deliver goods to consumers within a short time unlike before. Additionally, manufacturing processes are advanced technologically. This makes it easier and faster for corporations to react to factors that may influence performance. Managers are acknowledging that they can

Corporate Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Race Relations in America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Race Relations in America - Research Paper Example Thus, the eventful history of race relations in the Western Hemisphere, and in North America in particular, appears not only an important part of a larger trend worldwide, but also the genuine article of such relationships, insofar as three major human races – Europeans, Native Americans (or Indians, which appellation became much more familiar, albeit entirely wrong), and Africans – ‘met and mingled’ in the New World (Norton at al. 2). The centuries following the first Spanish campaigns in the Valley of Mexico, the marshlands of Florida and along the coast of California, have witnessed, according to Arthur Mann, both territorial expansion and massive influx of immigrants from almost all over the world (68). Having left their countries of origin for particular reasons – whether economic, religious or political, as well as in different manner – warlike, peaceful, group or individual – these immigrants inevitably got entangled in the canva s of what would slowly and obscurely evolve into the present-day multi-faceted society of the United States. A bit weird combination of two prima facie incompatible with one another motives – the aspiration of spreading Christianity around the world and a desire for the wealth of the East – appears to have driven the fifteenth-century European explorers of the New World, who, by the way, had obviously seen no conflict between the two (Norton at al. 10); just as their predecessors from the time of the Crusade. Not less bizarre notion of what the world’s size might be indeed brought Columbus to a Caribbean island on October 12, 1492, which he named San Salvador (Holy Savior), and made him to claim success in the goal of reaching the Indies. Quite understandably, the native inhabitants had been called ‘Indians’. Three more voyages to the west failed to dispel this delusion and till his death in 1506, Columbus remained blissfully unaware that he had actually discovered a new

Definition of Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Definition of Love - Essay Example To define love one can read Shakespeare, another would rather kiss for the first time†¦ Actually, love can be considered at different levels: from lingual expression to physiological, emotional and psychological contexts (Tibbetts 1979, p. 280). When people say "I love you", what do they really mean? In accordance with the definition from the dictionary: love is  "a strong affection for another arising out of kinship or personal ties" (cited by Fisher 1998, p. 136).  We would rather focus not only the essence of love but on different types of it. First of all, love can be correlated with the different meanings  of this concept. "There’s romantic love; love between two people, which  is considered to be both intimate and sexual" (Fisher 1998, p. 138). Love is everywhere for me. I love my family, my friends, people and animals in our world. I love reading; I love God and many other things. Actually, I feel that all these forms of love are different and I can clearly feel this difference. Moreover, I feel that love to my beloved person, my mother or my best friend are different types of this feeling. To my mind, the closest synonym to any form of love is "comfort", "coziness", "pleasure"†¦too many other synonyms can be also selected, but I would like to prefer one of these forms of synonyms (Wood 1995, p. 80). People in their relationship trying to find the golden mean. Very often there is a chance to put someone's happiness about your own feelings. It is one of the highest prices paid for happiness. Love to another person can be the greatest treasure in the world, but you have to pay a high price for it. One should love another person above his/her flaws. Not only positive features but also negative features should be loved by a person in case they experience real love.   

Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Marketing Plan - Essay Example General Motors (GM) is a USA based organization that started its business 100 years back in 1908. It is 18th largest business corporate entity in the world having assembly plants in more than 30 countries across the globe. It has sales network of cars and trucks in around 140 countries. It provides direct employment to over 200,000 personnel. Whereas, a majority of people are indirectly associated with its dealers and GMAC, which provides insurance and financial services to the suppliers, distributors, private and commercial customers of General Motors. It is operational in North America, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America, Africa and Middle East. The major European countries where General Motors has strong sales network are Britain, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Turkey, France, Spain and Ukraine. Chevrolet, Cadillac, GM Daewoo, Buick, â€Å"Opel, Vauxhall and Saab (Europe), Saturn, Hummer, Pontiac, Wuling and Holden are among the major brands th at Company is offering to its clients. In Europe, GM has been offering Saab in Sweden, whereas it offers Opel and Vauxhall brands in France, Germany, Italy, Great Britain and others. As far as GM’s strategic situation is concerned, it must be highlighted that GM previously planned to sell its European Operations in 2009 after huge losses it incurred due to uncertain business conditions but then rejected the offers of some buyers or corporations such as ‘Magna’ that were interested in purchasing General Motors majority stake. Since then the company has performed relatively better (Company’s report, 2009) As revealed by the managers at General Motors, the automobile manufacturer has a vision to produce top quality premium products for its different market segments all across the world. The company has a mission to sustain its market share by constant innovation and development and to get the most out of available business opportunities in home

How is the cultural diversity of Manchester reflected in the city Essay

How is the cultural diversity of Manchester reflected in the city today - Essay Example After the second World War the migrant communities arrived in great numbers to help rebuild the industries. The immigrants were mainly from the Commonwealth including India, Pakistan, Jamaica and West Indies, and also from Ireland and China. Manchester has a unique sense of national and cultural diversity. According to Taylor et al (1996) the city’s strategic location between a geographic frontier to the north, and an economic frontier to the south, and its distinctive regional openness enabled it to become a kind of Eldorado. From the early nineteenth century, not only English labourers from neighbouring areas, but people from other countries such as Ireland, Scotland, Germany, from Greece and Italy migrated towards Manchester. Significantly, specific localities became colonized by particular migrant groups. Most of the 30,000 Irish immigrants clustered together in Little Ireland at the lower end of Oxford Street, and large numbers of poor, rural immigrants from Cumbria settled in different areas. In contemporary Manchester, it is evident that ostensibly similar, geographically close regions are occupied by diverse ethnic groups of different ethnic mixes. A common feature for all the ethnic minorities is their shared experience of generalized subordination under the white â€Å"host society† of England (Taylor et al, 1996). Thus, Manchester has been colonized in whole areas by particular ethnic or migrant groups: Moss Side by West Indian; Cheetham Hill by Asians; Prestwich by the Jewish; Chorlton by the Irish, etc (Taylor et al, 1996). Further, the borough of Manchester, the central city in the agglomeration forming Greater Manchester, is the main location of residence for the Black ethnic minority group (Musterd et al, 1998). Taylor et al (1996, p.200) express their concern that â€Å"this process of residential dispersal and domination results in a kind of de facto apartheid of different ethnic groups†, which opposes the liberal concept of a multicultural

Sports drink market in India Essay Example for Free

Sports drink market in India Essay With the changing trends in society and globalization Energy drinks market in India may show a rapid growth in coming years but for now it is at a nascent stage. Through various studies and research on Indian and British sports and energy drinks market we found out that Red Bull has the most share in this market. Through studies it has been found out that consuming energy drinks can have physical as well as psychological effects on the human body. Studies show that it can have positive effects like improvement in mental and congenital abilities and increased subjective awareness. Excess consumption can lead to various problems like insomnia, agitation, anxiety, irritability. Our objective through this assignment is to successfully launch a sports drink in the Indian market and market it using our knowledge gained from the market study and our own intellect. In this project are lay down different marketing strategies by how we can promote our product and stand against our competitors. SPORTS ENERGY DRINK MARKET IN INDIA MARKET FOR SPORTS DRINK IN INDIA TRENDS. According to the value calculated in 2012, sports and energy drink market in India grew by 17% whereas in 2011 it grew by 18%. The main reason to this decline was increasing awarness about the side effects of sports drinks. In june 2012 FSSAI (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India) announced that sports drinks will be renamed as â€Å"cafifeinated bevergaes†. Burn and Red Bull surpass the max. limit of caffein to be present in carbonated beverage hence they were put under the category of caffeinated beverages. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE. Red Bull is the leading seller having 72% off-trade share within energy and sports drinks in 2012. Second place goes to pepsico having an 11% off-trade value share. However Red Bull was not allowed to be sold in Tamil Nadu due to regulatory changes in sports and energy drinks in 2012. PROSPECTUS Sports drinks in India is still at a nascent stage but might become a part of the changing trends of society and urbanization. However, sales of these drinks could be negatively impacted by regulations and enforcement of statutory warnings. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) announcement that these products should be renamed as caffeinated beverages may lead to decline in sales of brands such as Red Bull and Burn. (Source : http://www. euromonitor. com/sports-and-energy-drinks-in-india/report) COCA-COLA TO LAUNCH A SPORTS DRINK IN INDIAN MARKET The world leaders of beverage drinks Coca-Cola are eager to launch their new product in the Indian Market. The America based company has come up with a sports drink named Godzilla which is to be launched in the market by end of November 2013. It is being manufactured by Hindustan Coca-Cola Pvt. Ltd. Which has it’s plant in Okhla Industrial Area, U. P. M. S. Dhoni, the Indian prodigy will be the brand ambassador for Godzilla and will be used in promotional Activities and advertisements. TARGET MARKET AND MARKETING STATERGY The research indicated that people in India do not prefer to have energy drink. Only 23% of the population prefers to consume the brand. The most important factors affection the buying decision were found to be health safety, price, lack of awareness and preference of other beverages. It was also found that 1. 66% of the energy market consists of male consumers. 2. 20-30 age group people was found to be growing rapidly and turning out to be potential buyers having an average income of 3-5 lacs. 3. The awareness about the energy drink among people is average 60-67% except age group 25-30 having an average income of more than 5 lacs (Awareness 80%). 4. People prefer to have energy occasionally (parties, social gathering etc) with soft drink or neat Sunadulterated. 5. People like to drink mostly in home or restaurants and 44% of the respondents feel that in the future energy drinks can compete with popular beverages like soft drinks, juices and other non-alcoholic beverages. (Source: http://www. technopak. com/Files/Energy_Drinks. pdf) MARKET OF ENERGY DRINKS IN U. K. RESEARCH METHADOLOGY LOCATION FREQUENCY PERCENT CUMILATIVE % RETAIL STORES 5 16% 94% GYMS 3 6% 66% CLUBS 3 10% 60% JOGGERS PARK 1 3% 69% RESTAURANTS 4 15% 91% SPORTS CLUB 3 9% 100% CAFE 2 7% 76% TOTAL 29 100%. The survey indicates that people prefer having sports drink in home and sports club Which leads to the possibility of the brand being promoted in the friend circle and family. This will be our target market. VALUE FOR MONEY (Indian Customers) VALUE FOR MONEY FREQUENCY PERCENT Yes 6 21% No 12 40% Can’t Say 11 39% TOTAL 29 100% The Indian customers are very price sensitive and look for value for money when they purchase a product. The high price of energy drinks is the main drawback in promoting and positioning this brand in India.

Othello Coursework Essay Example for Free

Othello Coursework Essay Othello is one of Shakespeare’s tragedies but also a love story of two lovers. Shakespeare’s tragic heroes always had at least one main flaw, which contributed to their downfall. In Othello’s case it was jealousy; when he was told Desdemona was having an affair. Other themes the play deals with includes hatred, racism, betrayal and discrimination. Although Othello is the main protagonist in the play, however, in many ways Iago seems to be the dominant character. Iago is presented in complete contrast to Othello, and is the villain of the play. Othello is a respected high-ranking general whereas Iago is a lower status and referred to as in his ‘ancient’ or his ‘ensign’. Many critics often describe Iago as the narrator of ‘Othello’; a fascinating character who is the main focus of the play. Many critics also see Iago as an intriguing character as he can be unpredictable. At the beginning of the play, it is Iago and Roderigo who are the first on stage, not Othello. If one were to form an opinion of Othello from this discussion, it would not be a favourable one. The audience is made aware of Iago’s hatred of Othello because Othello promoted Cassio instead of him and his belief that Othello slept with his wife. Furthermore Roderigo is jealous of the fact that Othello has taken Desdemona as his wife. In Act 2 Scene 3 of Othello, Iago is presented as the puppeteer, constantly manipulating everyone around him. Critics have argued about Iago’s motives for wanting to hurt others but in this scene he comes across as cruel and malicious. The scene is set in a castle and opens with Iago trying to get Cassio drunk. Iago motivated by his lust for power is attempting to dispose Cassio of his position as a lieutenant. Knowing that Cassio cannot handle his liquor it would be more likely he would fight if he’s drunk and that would make him look bad in Othello’s eyes. The opening scene presents us with a brief exchange of Cassio and Iago controversial analysis on Desdemona. In the dialogue, Cassio remarks are polite and complimentary to Desdemona stating she is ‘exquisite lady’, ‘fresh’, ‘delicate creature’, ‘modest’ and ‘perfection’. Iago on the other hand has a contrasting view compared to Cassio. Iago suggests that Desdemona is ‘full of game’ and ‘sport’ and that there is ‘provocation’ in her eye suggests both characters have different views on women. Iago’s low opinion of Desdemona only deepens his misogynist view and his hate for women because of the control Desdemona has over Othello. This can portrays his jealousy because Desdemona is an extremely attractive character with a higher noble status than his wife, giving him a reason to hate Othello. Iago has the opportunity to consider his plans in his soliloquy when Cassio leaves to invite some friends for a drink. One way we can tell the presentation of Iago as a character in Act 2 Scene 3 is through his soliloquies. It reveals Iago’s true character and intention to get Cassio drunk so that he loses control and becomes quarrelsome to get into a fight with Roderigo, ‘Am I to put our Cassio in some action’. His skills of persuasions show his power to manipulate people into trusting him to cover his act of being an ‘honest’ friend that adds to the presentation of his character. Iago’s clever perspective to observer this from a person allows the audience insight into various schemes or secrets to his motives that other characters are blind to. Furthermore, Iago’s understanding and manipulating the weakness of those around him make him a powerful and compelling figure that Shakespeare have portray in this scene. Cassio who has been left in a position of responsibility by Othello will shame himself as a lieutenant and loose his position as part of Iago’s plan that will gain him power for his talent of understanding and manipulating people’s weaknesses, ‘If consequences do but approve my dream’. Iago states he is willing to take on revenge on anyone that gets in his way of achieving Othello’s downfall. The end result would make up for what he lost on his way and enjoys the pain and damage he causes which he ‘approves’. The first soliloquy in this act shows us how narrow-minded Iago is and lacks emotions or feelings towards the people around him or himself. W. H Auden describes Iago as a â€Å"Practical joker of a peculiar appalling kind. † W. H attempts to portray Iago as a more humane character than he really is. Loyalty, love, friendship and guilt are all emotions that make us human. Iago misunderstands this concept of feelings, which leads him to his downfall. Shakespeare presents Iago with loss of emotional connections in his character show the tragedy of how isolated Iago is. Shortly after Roderigo raises the alarm under Iago’s instructions, Shakespeare uses dramatic irony to present Iago’s actions as he pretends to be the peacemaker. Othello aroused from his sleep ask ‘honest Iago’ for an explanation of the disturbance. Without being disloyal to Othello or to Cassio, he ironically follows Montano’s advice upon his honour as a solider to tell the truth of his version of the night’s events. While trying to save Cassio by making excuses for him, Iago endures that Othello will have no other option than to remove him as his position for causing a shameful public display. The irony of Iago’s account, we known that Iago constantly tries to underplay Cassio’s part in the fight, ‘I had rather ha’ this tongue cut from my mouth, Than it should do offence to Michael Cassio. ’ With subtle additions such as, ‘And Cassio high in oaths, which till tonight / I ne’er might see before’ and ‘ but men are men, the best sometimes forget’ reveals that Cassio has disgraced himself to befit a high ranking officer. Cassio sacked from his lieutenant position, Iago pretends to be a true friend by advising Cassio to seek help from Desdemona to gain his position back. ‘This broken joint between you and her husband entreat her to splinter’. Shakespeare cleverly portrays Iago as an evil mastermind who appears to aid Cassio, instead manipulating the situation in order to make it appear to Othello that Desdemona has emotions for Cassio when she pleads for his job. This sequence allows us to see Iago’s manipulative nature in a continuous flow; from the way he has made others see him to the revelation of his true self. The way he’s portrayed, we are amazed by his mastery of switching facades or identities without a trace of guilt. Iago when speaking with Montano, questions Cassio integrity and his position as a Lieutenant. Iago manages to suggest his support and concern for his comrade while at the same time, destroying his credibility and honour. He mentions to Montano that Cassio is a ‘solider fit to stand by Caesar’ as 2nd in command but his drinking habits matches his ‘virtue’ and implies he drinks every night. Iago’s apparent concerns furthers as he criticises Othello’s judgement for trusting Cassio to be his lieutenant shows his jealousy to be overshadowed and therefore lost his ‘social class’’ that he lacks of. His hatred dominates him just like he dominates all the other characters. Iago seems to master all the emotions that might affect his facade and never shows a trace of nervousness that intensify the power he has over the characters in the play and his ability to control the situation to his will. Furthermore when Iago protests to Montano that he is reluctant to highlight Cassio’s problems to Othello, as he ‘loves’ Cassio and would not wish him any harm. The irony of this situation is the fact that once Montano suggest it would be an ‘honest action’ to inform Othello, Iago declines. This is the only time we see Iago is speechless and to make him look more trustworthy, he implies that his allegiance is to a higher kind of ‘honesty’.

The Dimensions Of Interprofesssional Practice Nursing Essay

The Dimensions Of Interprofesssional Practice Nursing Essay This reflective Commentary will focus on a patients discharge planning liaison drawn from my experience in attending a Multidisciplinary team Meeting (MDT) held at my Elective Placement (Cardiology Ward) in the context of the dimensions of Interprofesssional Working (IPW) I will preliminary define in the introduction IP working; recognize policies; introduce patient scenario, identify the Reflection Model which I will use to evaluate and analyse the Dimensions of IPW. IPW refers to professionals with different training backgrounds (medical, surgical, counselling, psychotherapy, Occupational Therapist, physiotherapist) sharing common goals an objectives but who make a difference but complimentary contribution to the given client group in order to provide holistic care (Leathard, 2003). IPW has been highlighted by the United Kingdom (UK) government in a series of policies which shaped and continue to shape the way services and professionals work interprofesssionally. In 1998 The Department of Health (DoH) (1998) encouraged joint working through integrated provision. In 1999 papers such as DoH (1999) re-enforced that the effective care is the product of interagency working, promoting NHS to move towards interagency collaborative working or IPW in a shift from institutional to community-based care. The DoH (2000) a ten year programme of redevelopment practice to design and promotes a patient centered service and promote IP and Holistic care. One of the areas the DOH (2000) considered needed improving was the older generation patient discharge. To combat this, standard two of The Single Assessment Process (SAP) and Intermediate care services (ICS) was introduced by the National Service Framework for Older People by DoH (2001a) and this required services and professiona ls to work together in a co-ordinated assessment of needs for patients. From this, House of Commons Health Committee (2002) called for a number of key changes, one of them being a named Care Manager to coordinate all stages of the patient journey through hospital, up to and beyond discharge. And this coordination liaison could take the form of an MDT discharge planning meeting (DP). New ways of working have to be found that cross professional boundaries, in order to allow a more flexible approach to care delivery (DoH, 2002). To achieve this, the Government introduced Interprofesssional Education (IPE) in pre-registered students modules and their aim was to integrate IPE into their curriculum, enabling students to develop transferable skills that will facilitate communication and collaboration in the future (Barr, et al., 2005). Rattay and Mehanna (2008) suggest that as students should make an effort to attend MDT meetings to develop IP. I have used pseudonyms throughout my reflective commentary, to protect confidentiality in accordance with the Data Protection Act (1998) and the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2009). I will refer to the patient as Sam. Sam is a 74 year old lady who lives alone in a ground floor flat. Sam has no family living locally however her neighbour visits regularly. Sam suffers from Chronic Heart Failure (CHF). Prior to admission Sam was fully independent at house cooping with her Activities of Daily living (ADLs) with slight difficulty due to breathing and poor balance (which Sam reported to suffering from for years). Sam was originally brought into hospital via accident and emergency by her neighbour as her breathing became progressively worse. There are many potential models of reflection. I will use Gibbs (1988) Model of Reflection (Appendix 1) as I find it more straightforward due to being depicted as a cycle, encouraging critical evaluation and analysis of the incident. Cyclical models are suggested by Ghaye (1998) to deepen awareness and increase knowledge and skilfulness from repeated movements around them. Reflection will able me to learn from the experience and identify my learning needs in areas which solicit improvements (Allen, et al., 2008). As suggested by Price (2006) Reflection makes a connection between theory, policies and practice required to develop evidence-based practice, professional and academic growth throughout my career; important in the development of lifelong learning (NMC (2009). Description The MDT meeting was held at the sisters office. The MDT consisted of a Ward Nurse (who was there intermittently due to staff levels), a Heart Failure Nurse Specialist (HFNS). Care Manager (Social Worker), Physiotherapist, Occupational Therapist, Doctor (Cardiologist Register) and myself. The meeting was led by the Doctor who gave an introductory overview of the Sams social situation and medical condition. The Doctor recommended that Sam was medically fit for discharge with a referral for HFNS community visits, as further health education was necessary. The physiotherapist suggested Sam was regaining confidence in her mobility but recommended further input to improve Sams balance and posture. The ward Nurse suggested Sams Nursing needs were stable and no input was required on discharged, upon this, I respectively argued that Sam discussed with myself earlier in the shift that she felt she was not coping at home and would feel more confident if she had minimal assistance with her ADLs at home. The Doctor re-directed the question to the HFNS, who re-directed the question to the Ward Nurse, both dismissing my input. At this point I respectfully assured the MDT that what I was advocating, it was also documented in Sam care plan. Subsequently, The HFNS requested Sams discharge planning to be discussed in a second meeting.. Following to this, The Occupational Therapist recommended she would liaise with Sam regarding any house equipment that would facilitate Sams ADLs. The social worker (Care manager) who would be coordinating all stages of Sams journey through hospital, up to and beyond discharge, organise possible (i) care (ii) meals on wheels. The Doctor summarised the MDT plan and rescheduled the meeting for 2 days to allow professionals to liaise with Sam in order to evaluate the discharge planning in partnership with Sam. Doctor was reluctant to reschedule and to change Sams expected day of discharge (EDD), it seemed. In the follow up MDT meeting, Sam was medical ly fit for discharge, her it seemed, had improved, as had her slightly her confidence but she could still benefit from further rehabilitation; therefore, Sam was referred to Intermediate Care Services (ICS) (Appendix 2) for further rehabilitation in the community, with out-patient medical follow up and HFNS home visits. Feelings When I asked my Mentor to attend the MDT meeting, I was excited as I was going to be able to see how the IPW provides a positive outcome for the patients. Slightly anxious but ready to be a Patient advocate. Soon it dawned on me when I was introduced to other professionals and given opportunities to work with them and I felt slightly insecure at the thought of having to expose myself to the criticisms of others. When Discussing Sams DP I commented on her behalf the feeling of slight insecurity was soon overpowered by a feeling of achievement as I was in a position to be her advocate appropriately and contribute in making a difference to her life for better. This feeling overpowered the shuttled frustration I felt when the Doctors dismissed initially my input but understandable due to my still pre-reg position, he needed reassurance as this input was going to change Sam EDD. As the meeting was lead by the Doctor I had inadvertently imposed a sense of hierarchy upon the group. I soon f elt that the hierarchy, even after the incident above, was not actually evident once a patient DP was being discussed as every professional was having a say and all professional seemed to understand each others responsibilities, roles and the documentation used involved all MDT input. I felt that through the discussions each professionals identify was gain and respect was given accordingly, although, I considered there was possibility of gaining a professional personality stereotypes and therefore ultimately a hierarchy may develop in future group meetings. By the end of it, I still felt slightly daunted to be in a MDT meeting working with professionals who knew so much (i) HFNS who developed their careers to a point of extreme knowledge, it overwhelmed me, that I am still just in the beginning of an extraordinary journey. Evaluation In accordance to Holland, et al. (2005) and Gonseth, et al. (2004) Heart Failure Nurse Specialist (HFNS) input was fundamental as HF patients as Sam require close clinical management and encouragement to manage their symptoms in order to remain in the community (James and Sarah, 2008). Furthermore, Blue, at al. (2001) randomised controlled trial suggested that HFN have the ability to focus not only on the clinical needs of the patient, but the educational and supportive needs as well as establishing effective liaison between health and social care. Although HFNS is important in the provision of Sams Good Health in the community, without front line staff (i) ward nurse to document appropriately and report to the appropriate professional and act as an advocate for patients in meeting such this, the provision of IP working and Safe Discharge Planning would be compromised (Atwal and Caldwel (2006). Record keeping was to be commended as the Discharge planning Form (DPF) (Appendix 3) was filled in from admission and updated regularly by Sams Multidisciplinary team regarding assessment, planning, and implementation and evaluation goals specific to each professional to establish safe discharge. Effective record keeping is the key factor to effective care and continuation of care of Patient; and a Code of Conduct requirement for excellence practice and care (NMC, 2009). The Community Rehabilitation/Intermediate Care Services (ICS) Appendix 3. Referral was suggested appropriately in order to meet Sams needs, in accordance with the DoH (2001a, 2001b) agrees that ICS establishes IP working and avoids duplication, enhances communication and allows each team member to view and check the patient notes at all times. Furthermore Godfrey, et al, (2005) suggests that it enhances Holistic care. According to Leathard and Cook (2009) Sams care could be considered Holistic as her physical, psychological, sociological, spiritual needs were addressed, and Sams views were considered alongside any recommendations offered by all the different multi-disciplinary teams in a mutual participation in a shared decision-making partnership. With changes in Nhs such as patient-centred care (DoH, 1998), and the establishment of sophisticated holistic approach to health and social care, one of the key features of Sams patient centred care is the development and implementation of integrated care pathways (ii) collaborative care plans such ICS, providing Sam with a continuity of care. MDT meeting structure seemed to reflect The DoH (1998) in its drive for a first class service as staff seemed to clear understands of how their own roles fit with others in both the health and social care professions. Although, Role Clarity was predominant and significant, the Status caused distress within the MDT; it made some members feel their opinions are not as important as others (Robinson, et al., 2005). Furthermore, at certain points of the discussion the blurring of the boundaries of ones discipline Ward Nurse and (HFSN) (i) Doctor redirected the question about Sam to the HFSN first instead of the ward Nurse. I agree with Molyneux (2001) is a factor that may create a competitive atmosphere rather than a collaborative one. In addition to the group dynamics, the situation of Sam needing care set up also highlighted the tension between professionals and in a sense organizational aims and resources. Analysis The DoH (2000, 2006) stressed the need for team working to helping rove the quality of care to patients and encourage role development to meet the demands of IP working. (i) Registered nurse specialists are expanding their roles and skills in numerous clinical areas (DoH 1999, 2006) due to patients diversity of needs in todays society (Furlong and Smith, 2005). According to DoH (2000, 2003) and the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2003) Heart failure care and management is one of this areas which had an increase in nurse specialists (HFNS) in a broad evaluation by Patterden, et al., (2008) which showed that HFNS reduced (i) all-cause admissions by an average of 35 per cent an average saving of  £1,826 per patient is gained after the costs of the nurse have been deducted. Furthermore, a systematic review by Holland, et al., (2005) argues that HFNS management of HF associated with (reducing readmissions, improving patients quality of life, Like Sam and reducing finan cial costs is more efficient compared with medical management. In outcome, Hewison (2004) and Abbot, et al., (2005) agreed that although the development of roles and increased flexibility is usually a benefit to many professions, it can be seen as a threat for their own interest and power status, generating a resistance to IP collaborations. Moreover according to Molyneux (2001) a tribalism sense. This is normally the professional at the top of the hierarchy (i) as when the doctor was resistant to move the EED. Furthermore, as far back as 1998 when (DoH, 1998) was published, Stapleton (1998) suggested that Collaborative working emphasis that demarcations and hierarchical relations between professions are neither sustainable nor appropriate. Although, in Sams MDT it was apparent in agreement with Hean (2006) my preliminary feelings of hierarchy are common and traditionally hierarchies place more power to the medical profession. The tension seemed in a way to be overcome through the structured but open discussion regarding Sams needs which according to Freeth (2001) open discussion helps develop the team and recognise the benefits and the diversity and development of skills. Martin and Roger (2004) highlight that it is important to premise a clear understanding and appreciation not just for the roles but also for the pressures of other professionals (i) performance targets to meet. The Qualitative methodology questionnaire led interviews and focus group (18 cases studiers across Europe) by Coxon (2005) suggestion that IP working promotes job satisfaction, improved team working, good communication and enhance co-operation with other agencies, and identifies IP difficulties to be due to organizational boundaries and financial limits. Additionally, Hubbard and Themessi-Huber (2005) used the same method as Coxon (2005) although he identified that a main difficulty to IP is managers focusing on policies and changes of services: arranging MDT meeting whilst front line staff, as ward nurses need to adapt to practicalities of the IP. Atwal, and Caldwell (2006) argues the importance of staff ratios as a barrier to nurses developing IP practices, furthermore a study carried by both with nineteen nurses in acute health care ward, it is spotted that in MDT meetings not all the professionals involved in the care of a patient are invited and that nurses did not regularly att end the meetings due to staff ratios. Another conclusion of this study is that nurses not always express their opinion for fear of being made a scapegoat, the result from the research show as well, that consultants and medical staff usually speak first and with more confidence on all issues. In divergence, Barrett and Keeping (2005) argues that collaborative working should minimise staff pressures from a ward level to community (primary and secondary setting) but research done within this Era of IPW still shows that at a nursing level in a 2005 survey by RCN (2006) found that 49% of nurses left the NHS due to stress/workload problems. Horder (2004) and Pullon and Fry (2005) goes further to suggest to overcome the work pressure, shared decision making is the ultimate hallmark of partnership and this requires distribution of power or the empowerment of all involved within the multidisciplinary professionals in a manner that would equalize the hierarchy through (i) through IPE. It is essential that health and social care professionals realise the important of IPW as it has now been recognised that a single profession can no longer deliver the complex patient care that is demanded nowadays, a holistic approach is required (CAIPE, 2007). Rattay and Mehanna, (2008) suggest in summary that structured MDT meeting provides the discharge process with a structure that is organised professionally and timely, allowing patients to return home earlier safely, consequently reducing the NHS cost, minimising the risk of hospital acquired infections, promoting independence and enabling patients to return back to their homes and community, like Sam. Lack of co-operation between agencies has led to a failure of service (Glasby, et al., 2004). Communication within the team is also an important issue to good collaborative working, developing ways to communicate and to work together is the key for successful IP working (Abbott, et al., 2005). The NMC (2004) advises that at the point of registration students should have the necessary skills to communicate effectively with colleagues and other departments to improve patient care. Cook, et al., (2004) identify that communication and decision making are very important for teams. Larking and Callaghan (2005) argue that teams who do not regularly hold meetings for policy making and resolutions of differences, should not be considered a team, these findings are also emphasized by Molyneux (2001) who states that communication is supported with weekly MDT meetings in order to evaluate and plan patient centred care delivery. Conclusion This reflective commentary allows me to connect policies, NMC requirements, theory and practice. It provided me with the assurance that the dimensions of IPW is complex but possible in practice IPE exists. It highlighted that different professionals have to deal with their own perceptions and adapt to changes. There is no doubt that IPW promotes a better and more holistic care and the documentation in place promotes further patient-centered care. The MDT gave me the opportunity to work closely with other professionals and understanding further their roles. This will help me to effectively work together in the future. Action Plan I will allocate the Action Plans in my professional portfolio to demonstrate achievement in clinical practice linked with theoretical knowledge. All my Action Plan are made SMART Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time (Drew and Bingham, 2004) 1. Inter-Professional To develop an awareness of the roles and services provided in the inter-professional team and identify examples of how this is appropriate in delivering appropriate patient/client focused care. 2. Enhance my knowledge about decision-making processes within care management 3. Continue to reflect in and on Practice therefore to participate in further process of reflection to establish my own learning needs (Appendix 4).

Henrik Isbens A Dolls House Essay -- A Dolls House Essays

A Dolls House By Henrik Ibsen Dramatic Critique The P’s Person: Nora, Torvald Helmer’s wife, and mother of Ivar, Bob, and Emmy. Peculiar trait: On the surface Nora’s peculiar trait seems to be her obsession for money. Her internal peculiar trait is that she desires to become significant to her husband. She spends money on material objects to decorate their home and dress up the family. The impression of the home appears perfect, like a doll’s house. Passion: Nora’s passion is to be a real human and not be unreal towards herself, her family, or her husband. She wants to be accepted and human like the rest of the world, and she tries to figure a way to make this possible. â€Å"When (Nora) lived with Papa, he used to tell me everything, so that I never had any opinions but his. And if I did have any of my own, I kept them quiet, because he wouldn’t have like them.† Since childhood Nora has not been able to express her own feelings. She has bottled everything up inside, and she has a passion to open up and show her true self. Problem: Norma has been a â€Å"doll† all her life. She has taken on others problems and kept her thoughts and feelings all to herself. It is now time for Norma to explain herself and deal with the facts. Norma forged her father’s signature on an I.O.U for two hundred and fifty pounds. She tries to do anything she can so her husband will not find out. Her husband just received a job at the bank; therefore, he could easily find out about the fo...

Comparing Social Commentary in Dover Beach, Second Coming, and Church Going :: compare and contrast essay examples

Comparing Social Commentary in Dover Beach, Second Coming, and Church Going Human society has always struggled with the conflict of faith versus technology. Faith has always been a symbol of order, and increasing technology has always been the scapegoat for "mere anarchy." When faith ebbs, technology or new scientific concepts are blamed. Technology is a convenient target because when people lose faith in the church, science is a hard-based, factual thing in which to believe. The increasing chaos in society can be blamed on the decreasing faith in religion that has been shifted to technology. After the fall of the Roman Empire, European society was in chaos. Since no other civilizing force in which to believe was in existence, when the Roman Catholic Church made itself a organizing power, it set up a precedent that attached itself to the mind set for the next few centuries. Religious beliefs are synonymous with the "calm" and the peace that relieve life's turmoil. For a long period of time, there was no other steadying force, so "the Sea of Faith" was the sole source for easing "the turbid ebb and flow of human misery." Tradition has kept this view of religion popular. Still, religion itself cannot hold the attention of human society forever. Eventually, as displayed in "Dover Beach," faith in religion and its structure will fade in the light of new ideas and new human inventions. Society's faith cannot always be "full" because as civilizations grow individuals become more independent. They begin to think for themselves, which causes life to become more subjective. With less imposed structure, individuals will determine that they do not subscribe to all of what their predecessors believed, and they are left "wondering what to look for." Technology often replaces religion because it is far more tangible than the concepts of organized religion that require blind faith. It is easier to believe in something touchable. In "Church Going," this attitude is examined. A wistfulness for a time when faith came easier is apparent, but there is also "an awkward reverence" for the ways of religion even if they are no longer believed. Once people place their faith in technology rather that something spiritual, they will find that while technology is concrete, it does not provide guidance for social behavior or the human spirit as most religions do. In "The Second Coming" the world is spinning out of control.

Exploring Schizophrenia Essay example -- Research Paper Mental Disorde

Exploring Schizophrenia "Schizophrenia is a cruel disease. The lives of those affected are often chronicles of constricted experiences, muted emotions, missed opportunities, unfulfilled expectations. It leads to a twilight existence, a twentieth-century underground man...It is in fact the single biggest blemish on the face of contemporary American medicine and social services; when the social history of our era is written, the plight of persons with schizophrenia will be recorded as having been a national scandal." E. Fuller Torrey, M.D., Surviving Schizophrenia I personally don't know anyone with schizophrenia, or at least I don't think I do. Perhaps I don't realize that my neighbor is walking through life with a secret, like the homosexual who, afraid of society's unfounded prejudice, confusion, and doubts over issues not talked about, remains silent. For this reason, my interest in schizophrenia developed: not because I have been affected by the disorder in a direct (or even indirect) way, but precisely because I haven't. I haven't because mental disorders are not something discussed over coffee. In our society schizophrenia isn't everybody's problem, and so most are content not to think – and consequently not to do – anything about it. My concern with schizophrenia stemmed from the unknown; thus it was fitting that my search to discover facts about it steadily uncovered more gray areas. What are the causes of schizophrenia? No one knows for certain. The symptoms? They vary. What about treatments? They too have varied throughout history and current treatment differs from case to case. Faced with the frustration of unanswered queries, I began to wonder why I chose this topic. However, that is the nature of scienc... ...: Longman Publishers USA, 1997. Keefe, Richard & Philip Harvey. Understanding Schizophrenia. New York: The Free Press, 1994. Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB, Westergaard T, et al. "Effects of family history and place and season of birth on the risk of schizophrenia." New England Journal of Medicine 340 (1999): 603-8. O'Brien, Patrick. The Disordered Mind. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1978. Rund, Bjorn Rishovd. How do neuroleptics affect cognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenia? Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 53.2 (1999): 121-125. Stephenson, Joan. "Schizophrenia researchers striving for early detection and intervention." Journal of the American Medical Association 281.20 (05/26/99): 1877. Swartzendruber, Phil. "Mainstreaming the marginalized." Printed in The Record (April 2, 1998). http://www.goshen.edu/record/1997-98/April2-1998/mainstream.html. Exploring Schizophrenia Essay example -- Research Paper Mental Disorde Exploring Schizophrenia "Schizophrenia is a cruel disease. The lives of those affected are often chronicles of constricted experiences, muted emotions, missed opportunities, unfulfilled expectations. It leads to a twilight existence, a twentieth-century underground man...It is in fact the single biggest blemish on the face of contemporary American medicine and social services; when the social history of our era is written, the plight of persons with schizophrenia will be recorded as having been a national scandal." E. Fuller Torrey, M.D., Surviving Schizophrenia I personally don't know anyone with schizophrenia, or at least I don't think I do. Perhaps I don't realize that my neighbor is walking through life with a secret, like the homosexual who, afraid of society's unfounded prejudice, confusion, and doubts over issues not talked about, remains silent. For this reason, my interest in schizophrenia developed: not because I have been affected by the disorder in a direct (or even indirect) way, but precisely because I haven't. I haven't because mental disorders are not something discussed over coffee. In our society schizophrenia isn't everybody's problem, and so most are content not to think – and consequently not to do – anything about it. My concern with schizophrenia stemmed from the unknown; thus it was fitting that my search to discover facts about it steadily uncovered more gray areas. What are the causes of schizophrenia? No one knows for certain. The symptoms? They vary. What about treatments? They too have varied throughout history and current treatment differs from case to case. Faced with the frustration of unanswered queries, I began to wonder why I chose this topic. However, that is the nature of scienc... ...: Longman Publishers USA, 1997. Keefe, Richard & Philip Harvey. Understanding Schizophrenia. New York: The Free Press, 1994. Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB, Westergaard T, et al. "Effects of family history and place and season of birth on the risk of schizophrenia." New England Journal of Medicine 340 (1999): 603-8. O'Brien, Patrick. The Disordered Mind. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1978. Rund, Bjorn Rishovd. How do neuroleptics affect cognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenia? Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 53.2 (1999): 121-125. Stephenson, Joan. "Schizophrenia researchers striving for early detection and intervention." Journal of the American Medical Association 281.20 (05/26/99): 1877. Swartzendruber, Phil. "Mainstreaming the marginalized." Printed in The Record (April 2, 1998). http://www.goshen.edu/record/1997-98/April2-1998/mainstream.html.

The Tragedy of a Man

The â€Å"apparition† of Bartleby has confounded many wise men, scholars, critics and the like. The strange, almost inhuman way Bartleby resisted his employer and all forms of contact seemed supernatural—â€Å"Poe-ish†, as some would say (Reed 1). Though in recent times, the story of Bartleby has been used as an allusion of the Communist struggle against the capitalist system.Thus, they explained that Bartleby’s refusal to engage in the regular capitalist work is clearly an act of defiance against the system; and the historical vagueness and background surrounding the story accentuates this implied class struggle.The tragedy of it all, in the end, centers on the limited awareness of the narrator. His scrivener was not the originator of his tragedies; it was his humanity, and fatal defects that could not save his copyist from certain doom. His lack of insight into the depths of the human psyche and his consequent understanding of its workings rendered him u nable to understand and aid his comrade. He was only an ordinary lawyer caught in circumstances he could not understand; though had he the sufficient expertise, the answer would have been simple as to surprise him.Bartleby, if he was anything, was angry. No emotion could have driven him so potently as to his last contemptuous act upon himself and the world. For suicide is often thought of as some great act of despair or utter grief that overpowers the individual and inspire him to â€Å"escape†. It is also an act of great contempt that is needed to give a man the strength to destroy himself completely and blind him to all the protestations of his body.Thus, it was this rage that possessed Bartleby. The narrator was too struck by the pitiable, forlorn countenance as well as quiet insolence of his scrivener to discover the fire blazoning from within. In all fairness to him, he was a well-balanced man—as he readily admitted—free from the mad fits and temperaments t hat has afflicted his scriveners. He could not therefore have guessed Bartleby as anything else, as he assumed that the man was well-rounded in personality.The woes of this misunderstood individual continues on, as Marxists take the tale hostage and use it as a weapon of their own. Bartleby becomes a tool of their hatred, and example of a social revolution. In this essay, then, it is hoped to wrest it back to the individual perspective and back to the man that is Bartleby. To accomplish this, one need glimpse at the perspectives of the Marxists and one divorced from the Communist context; from here it is hoped that the Marxist logic can be successfully deconstructed.This paper will seek to redeem the soul of the story as well as the character immortalized in its pages. Citizen Bartleby Bartleby, the Scrivener’s unique â€Å"Marxist† quality—its ability to identify with the class struggle and the woes of the capitalist system—are inevitably â€Å"pulled o ut† by two critics, Barbara Foley and Naomi Reed, by the use of differing perspectives. Foley accomplished this by de-focusing from the individual and giving more emphasis on the style used in the story and how it relates to historical events of that time.Thus, the mention of John Jacob Astor and Trinity Church, which coincidentally owned huge properties across the New York area where the story’s office was located, become representations of the oppressive land monopolies (Foley 7-10). The narrator’s reducing his staff into â€Å"idiosyncracies† and an ideology of â€Å"patronage† (Foley 6) is representative of an unequal wage slavery; and the ambiguity of the date by which the story probably took place (through careful analysis it was found that there were too many inconsistencies in the dates), may have been intentional as to â€Å"underplay† the Astor Strike of 1849 (Foley 13-16).The last was re-emphasized with telling effect—by cit ing Melville’s â€Å"disillusionment† of the society of the elite and the similarities of another Melville work, â€Å"The Two Temples†. Naomi Reed, meanwhile, while centering on Bartleby the apparition and the â€Å"gentlemanly cadaver†, relates him as such, by way of substance, to the commodity discussed by Marx in Capital. Bartleby is both of two forms: the ghost and the figure between life and death; comparably, a commodity is both physical and non-physical, for it has non-material value (Reed 6-9).His insistent defiance on basic work, as well as other labors, is in fact a refusal to partake in exchange—the ideology behind his work (creating a perfect copy of the document) is that a copy may accurately portray an original document; in exchange terms, a value of one object may be substantially equaled by another. The scrivener’s act of refusing to vouch for the copy would be parallel to the rejection of the accuracy of exchange. Bartleby then represents Marx’s commodity alienating itself from the market forces (Reed 9-12). These two concepts do hold ground, in relating the individual to his environment.Having admitted to this, a third, more personal approach is to be taken: the tragedy of Bartleby’s anger and passive aggressive tendency. Turkey and Nippers Prior to introducing Bartleby, the narrator first gives us a glimpse of his two other scriveners: Turkey was an old man, of almost the same age as his employer, while Nippers was twenty-five. Of the former, it is narrated that after twelve o’clock, this legal copyist suddenly manifests discomfort throughout the day, carelessly spilling inkblots or bursting upon inanimate objects with fiery zeal with little provocation.The employer hinted that this was due to old age. Indeed, fatigue and lack of rest would be enough to wear down the propriety of even the sternest of men, more so with old ones. For his part, Turkey would not, out of pride and th e thought of wages being cut in half, do the sensible thing and stop work after twelve o’clock. Nippers, on the other hand, is most irritated when he is brimming with energy. This is attributed to his youth; though the narrator would much rather call it â€Å"ambition and indigestion†.He is impatient, rash and impetuous and would rather that the time pass and be done with his being a scrivener, as well as to finish his law studies. This here-and-now obsession manifests itself in his table, which probably symbolizes a hindrance to his objective. This impatience gradually dies down after lunch, as impetuosity is readily cured and becalmed by food. At the sight of his two scriveners’ open expressions of anger, the lawyer must not have then detected the same in Bartleby. Indeed, he was looking for a more-balanced individual, and thought that he found it in the man.He therefore was not properly warned to the dangerous patterns within Bartleby’s character. Pref er Not To The employer relates how he was thunderstruck the first time he heard of Bartleby’s quiet refusal. It was peculiarly odd, however, because there seemed to be no reason for this reluctance—he didn’t volunteer anything; he was ever quiet at his post, answering only when spoken to. He was therefore frustrated with what would seem as apparent insolence. Bartleby’s answer â€Å"I would prefer not to† is a classic passive aggressive response.The words â€Å"not to† are indeed an act of defiance and anger, though it could not be particularly directed anywhere. It was couched in the words â€Å"would prefer† because among passive aggressives, fear is commingled with anger. He has a fear of direct confrontation, and readily believes his being weaker to those around him. To say a â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† would already be such an example of confrontation. Recognizing the â€Å"superiority† of would-be oppressors, he will express his anger, but try to make it as respectful a comment as possible.To a fairly balanced man like the employer, this self-contradiction is absurd and utterly unreasonable; that is what makes it offensive. To a passive aggressive, however, it would be unreasonable to reveal a grievance. There are a myriad of reasons for this, but chief of them is the fear of rejection and condemnation as well as a need to retain some power against his oppressor. Revealing his weakness would strip him of any control or power over the object of his contempt, and make him susceptible to denunciation.His silence then was due to fear for himself. It wasn’t so much that he didn’t want to say, he just couldn’t. The employer could also have detected something dangerously amiss in Bartleby’s refusal to do anything, except copy. He was clearly caught in some internal agony as to render him incapable of even the most mundane of tasks. He clearly needed help, and the lawye r could only ill-afford to prove it. Infernal Solitude His employer was filled with great pity the minute he found out that Bartleby was living alone.The latter did not socialize, knew no one, and generally kept to himself, using the office as a refuge. The narrator believes this as the source of the scrivener’s misery and in many chances as possible sought to connect to him. Tragically, however, Bartleby was trapped in a state of â€Å"forced solitude†Ã¢â‚¬â€while he might believe his state deplorable (though we could only assume), he is nevertheless prevented by anger and fear from reaching out, and this paralysis and stasis aggravates his misery. Bartleby did not loathe company; in his small way, he sought it.Through his dealing with the company errand boy, Ginger Nut, and that one time when he looked his employer square in the eye and said â€Å"Can’t you see it for yourself? †Ã¢â‚¬â€the passive aggressive needs understanding, though he will offer n o aid. The employer, stumbling through ways to help him, merely continues to frustrate his scrivener. Eventually the internal agony had debilitated Bartleby fully. Even copying had become a burden that he would not bear. The lawyer was constantly apprehensive that he would be abandoning Bartleby if he did anything that was not to ensure his safety.He would have been right in assuming that his scrivener would have felt betrayed, for passive aggressives are generally resigned to their misery and see it as normal routine, and to those that they have stuck to with forlorn hope, failure would only accentuate the deathly gloom. His employer felt the barb of this hurt when Bartleby talked to him in jail. His statement then, and his subsequent refusal to eat can only be construed as part of his contemptuous act against self and those he feels has wronged him. Conclusion: RedemptionThe significant sequel of the Dead Letters serves as the crossroads by which Bartleby’s plight is fully understood. The employer later lamented of his finding the significant cause of Bartleby’s desolation: he had worked as a clerk making letters for relatives of the departed. The thought of constantly generating correspondence to those who have recently lost probably destroyed him as a person. It was not only the act of breaking hearts; it seemed as if acting as accomplice to murder. This soon developed to a form of self-loathing, and the genesis of the tragedy of Bartleby.There are two ways to interpret this: The question that was unveiled in the third perspective was the source of Bartleby’s anger. Throughout we have learned that it was generated towards self and collaterally to others. Humanity should be briefly expounded as centered on the act of life. The very nature of a human being is to act to preserve life: eating, sleeping and even social interaction. The task of the Dead Letters was associated with the negation of life. Death. An unnatural and inhuman task, h owever mundane, will gradually wear down an individual.Bartleby became a specter of Death, opposed to life, and therefore opposed to the world, and to society. He was reluctantly opposed, as by nature he was inclined to life. He felt this opposition unconsciously, and felt that all anger is directed against him. Passive aggressives have a source of hatred before the self. As a human being, Bartleby was inclined towards life, and was thus opposed to the Dead Letters system from the beginning. Gradually, his resentment went inward, as he needed the wage and could not conveniently express his anger.He became the figure of rebellion of the individual against the dehumanizing elements of his system as well as prevalent social forces. Reed had a point when she said that this was an act of rebellion against the system. She was, however, wrong in the sense that Bartleby is not a commodity; to admit to this truth would assume that the scrivener is equal to the commodity, comparable to the in animate object of Marx’s work. Using her concept, this is an act of equality that cannot be vouchsafed. There is nothing dehumanizing about circulation, and exchange.The practice of work was not a product of capitalism, but social interaction. Bartleby was merely opposed to the inhumanity of the system, which he was thrust into. He therefore could not trust it, and would not trust it. Having experienced the unnatural task in the Dead Letters office, those that are detached from personal living though not overtly or even covertly opposed to life, would seem the same. This then would explain the scrivener’s insistence of detachment of his private and public life.The Marxist analysts say that the subtitle â€Å"A Story of Wall Street† precludes the social forces that are implied within Bartleby. It must not, however, be forgotten that this is a story about â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener†, about an individual finding himself before the deathly coldness of Wall Street. He is the individual in the center of his environment. To belittle him, as Foley would do in her analysis, would again dehumanize him. To make him a slave to social forces, and the context of labor and the collective, would be like the lawyer who could not see the man crying out from within.Maybe, he had an indication of his desolation, but trapped within institutions as cold as the buildings that house it, he had not the knowledge to reach out to him. The lack of scenery around the office windows may agreeably be an allegory to his blindness. His omission of going to church may have become a defect, as he was faced with humanity, and the sermons could at least have taught him how to act before it. The scrivener could not be saved within the pages of the story. The soul of his being, however, has been snatched from the perils that haunted his life.It is hoped that in this simple gesture of understanding, Bartleby may find in death what he could not redeem in life: humanity. BIBLIOGRAPHY WORKS CITED Foley, Barbara. â€Å"From Wall Street to Astor Place: Historicizing Bartleby†. American Literature 72. 1 (2000): n. p. Reed, Naomi. â€Å"The Specter of Wall Street: Bartleby and the Language of Commodities†. American Literature 76. 4 (2004): n. p. REFERENCES Melville, Herman. â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener†. The Story and Its Writer: An Introduction to Short Fiction. Fifth Edition. Ed. Anne Charters. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999. 984-1010.

America’s Commercial Airline Industry

1989 has been a yr in which twain aviation experts and spokesmen. For the tent flaping world guide expressed intensified tint allplace what they perceive to be a substantial deterioration in the golosh of the Statess passenger zephyrline business operations. In the scratch nine months of 1989 al unrivalled, at that place ease up been ten foreboding(a) send off crashes involving large enamour-category meanes owned by U. S. establish p all in allbe arrs (Ott p. 28). This compares disfavorably to the first nine of months of 1988, when precisely devil such accidents in same mannerk intrust, and in fact, it is the highest number of death-causing accidents for the Ameri dissolve m aneymaking(prenominal) aviation industriousness during the eighties (Fotos p. ).This spate of aureoleborne tragedies has prompted interested parties to bring a series of disturbing minds. Is it nowadays safe to fly on American owned respiratory tracts, and, related to this, is it now riskier to game menu these planes than it was before exertion deregulation in any casek place in 1978? What, if whatever, specific factors ware contri excepted to the perceived filiation in the industrys sentry duty standards? Fin apiecey, what, if anything, can be make to enhance the airworthiness of U. S. passenger planes and to improve the gum elastic proceeding of the confederacys who man them?In this paper, all three of these questions leave be addressed, and, without progress too far ahead, we disc all over that in that location patently are no determinate answers to any of them. As serious accidents among Americas air common carriers do attach in 1989, a conventional recognition has supplied a plausible account of the historic roots of the present pr all the sametative fuss. In 1978, the Federal government de-regulated the U. S. airline industry. go about with an increasingly competitive environment, individual carriers tumesce-tried to hold d own fares by qualification damage-related cuts in policies and procedures related to arctic.Many subscribe to argued that, increased competition whitethorn leadership airlines to skimp on investments in rubber eraser,(Bornstein and Zimmerman p. 913) by, for example, allowing maturation planes to take to the skies following routine inspections or else than replacing them with upstart fraud. But there is an overarching problem with this explanation 1989s accidents apart, empiric data suggest that it is currently safer to fly on a plane operated by a major U. S. air carrier than it was ten course of studys agoIn 1978, the odds of a large airliners becoming involved in fatal crash were one for every gazillion aircraft departures ten years later, that proportion has dropped to well-nigh one in every 2. 25 one million million departures (McConnel p. 207). On the whole, it is, in fact, relatively safe to fly, and even with 1989 crash incidents added to the aggregate figu res, ephemeral is no more terrible today than it was prior to deregulation. The Federal aura Administration, the National Transportation Safety get along with and an array of independent air safety experts hold up all probed this years major airline accidents.Despite all of post hoc study, they have been unable to fill in a common link among them, (Ott p. 28) with one major exception. The qualification at flock refers to dramatic increase in the garishness of air traffic since de-regulation. According to NTSB ingredient John Lauber, if there is a curve in accidents, it is a trend delimitate by the increasing lot of air transport operations rather than any fundamental deterioration in the margins of safety (Ott p. 28).At first glance, this argument is consoling more race of stepss in the air simply result in more accidents able with high traffic volumes, so that the come to of de-regulation has had only the broadest and most indirect influences upon the industrys s afety record. But to associate the recent rash of safety problems to the achromatic effect of higher traffic volume in the wake of de-regulation and leave it at that overlooks several critical points.For example, to remain competitive, umpteen airlines schedule leaks in clusters for the convenience of their passengers. This, in turn, as Rudolf Kapustin (an independent industry- watcher) states, tends to increase risks among flight occurring at peak cadences (Ott p. 28). farthest more worri about, when accidents for smaller, commuter train or regional airlines are factored in, we find that 16 portion of all airlines had safety records considerably worse than the norm, accounting for nearly 80 piece of all airborne accidents among 1977 and 1984 (Ott p. 30).These figures potently indicate that policies and practices by the airlines themselves may have acted as variables that have had a theatrical role in recent accidents. at that place are two major factors that appear to have had a part in this years major carrier crashes, both of which can be related to comprise cutting challenges upon the airlines unleashed by de-regulation. The first of these concerns the planes themselves. There is distinguish to suggest that some U. S. airlines are operating a higher percentage of high time or gerontological aircraft than was previously the case.About 2,300 of the 8,000 odd commercial jets flown by major airline rings have passed twenty years of continuous answer. Plainly, ripening fleets have some immediate gene linkage to two recent air fatalities. In April, 1988 Aloha Airlines 737 undergo a geomorphological collapse a huge parting of the upper fuselage peeled off one flight attendant was killed and sextetty-one passengers were injured. The aircraft in question, investigators found, had logged some 90,000 take-off/landing duty cycle, the flash highest number recorded by any jetliner operating in the free world. eighter months later, with the Alo ha case still below study, a United Airlines 747 bound for capital of Hawaii literally disintegrated in the air over the Pacific Ocean, resulting in nine deaths. This craft was another seasoned plane, one that had a maintenance record suggesting increasing safety problems. Clearly, there is an stinting motive butt airline operation of geriatric planes. A Boeing 737, for example, cost a snipe $25 million at present, so that, it is in the economic interest of an airline to prolong the biography of its current fleet if it can do so at reasonable cost and without compromising safety.In the opinion of some critics, given up the competitive pressures of a de-regulated mart environment, some airlines are paying too much attention to this economic imperative, and, conversely, too little care to the maintenance of fitted safety standards. Most jet transport accidents are not the result of equipment ruin a full two-thirds can be attributed to human error. At present, all U. S. air car riers, major airlines and regionals alike, are facing a reduced crime syndicate of qualified originals and flight personnel office to staff their crews.De-regulation has meant a higher level of demand for a limited number of qualified crew members, and, at the same time, the number of potential crew members leaving the nations arm forces (the traditional mainstay of new hires for the airlines) has dropped aggressively in recent years. As has been far-famed in a recent egression of Aviation Week & Space engineering the major airlines are reported to be drastically reducing the amount of trajectory time they command from applicants, and while there is no dearth of applicants (there is) a shortfall of highly qualified ones (Pilot Turnover p. 91). young pilots tend to make more mistakes than their veteran counter part, so that the labor demand addition that has taken place with deregulation joined with a reduced number of precedent armed forces pilots available may well b e a factor undermining airline safety. Having stated that it is, in general, safe to board U. S. operated planes, yet another qualification must(prenominal) be made at this juncture. littler carriers, spry short routes and known as commuter airlines have much worse safety records than the major airlines. According to McConnell In the past decade, commuter airlines have had 81 fatal accidents,Killing 384 people. In 1987 but 35 accidents caused 58 deaths. And in the first two months of 1988, crashes killed 22. The Commuters fatal accidents rate per 100,000 departures has middlingd seven times that of the major airlines (McConnel p. 206). These smaller carriers, like their major airlines counternumbers, are subject to FAA supervise and regulation, and the results of FAA inquiries into the safety of the commuter lines has led the potency to suspend or revoke commuter airline operating certificates on 58 occasions since 1981 for safety violations.The heart of the problem with the commuter airlines resides in the shrinking pool of qualified pilots available to them (Ott p. 28). Generally offering lower pay than the majors, the commuter lines have experience a drain of endowment as many of their most experienced pilots have left to take positions with the majors. In 1985, major U. S. carriers employ some 7,600n new pilots the majority of them previously worked for commuter airlines (McConnel p. 209).At the same time, go awayingness of the majors to accept little qualified pilots from sources apart from the regionals has decreased the timberland of regional hires yet another liberty chit (Pilot Turnover p. 91). The trend toward less experienced crews in this segment of the industry is undeniable. The pilots hired by U. S. regionals who had less than 2,000 hr. flight time rose 22. 3% of those hired in 1985 to 36. 2% in the first six months of 1989 (Ott p. 29). In addition to a declining level of experience in the cockpits of commuter aircraft, these pil ots aspect demands that often exceed those placed upon pilots running(a)(a) for the majors.On some small carriers, pilots take care several trips a day between under-equipped airfields, and in addition must plan routes, study weather, handle baggage and even fuel the plane. Fatigue can conk a factor (McConnel p. 207). To fill spots, regionals have tried to lure flight instructors from flying schools into their ranks (Pilots Turnover p. 91). Unfortunately, by eng aging in this practice, the regionals reduce the capacity of the nations flight schools to enlarge the pool of personnel available to all carriers.If a shortage of qualified crew members is identified as a factor that has some causative relation to a perceived decline in American air carrier safety, this effect is most acute at the level of the commuter/regional firms. The evidence regarding the effect of de-regulation upon safety for American airlines is mixed, inconclusive, but nevertheless broad enough. Common hors e sense tells us that senior(a) planes and less experienced crews will have a disconfirming impact upon safety, and, in the case of commuter lines, the latter has probably contributed to a performance record significantly below that of the major carriers.Given that a case can be made that identifiable variables are now eroding flight safety, the question naturally becomes What can be make to remedy or, at least, ameliorate this mooring? The FAA formed an Airworthiness Assurance Task drive shortly after the Aloha incident, and, in February, 1989, this body issued its recommendations. These proposals generally dealt with the tandem problems of aging fleets and inexperienced crews. Regarding the former, The Task draw out famed that in several recent accidents, hold out that had either been inspected and passed review or parts that were thought to have an infinite working life, broke down.The Airworthiness Assurance Task Force recommended to the FAA an $800 million program to upgrade older aircraft. The key provision would mandate the replacement of various parts and assemblies at stipulate time intervals, even if inspection detected no flaws. In other words, the industry would move to a plan of arrest replacement, rather than preventive maintenance. The plan would require repairs in about one of every five jetliners currently in service (Hoffer p115).The FAA itself has followed up on this recommendation this year the agency mandated replacement of rivets on older 727s, and in the near future, the order will be extended to veteran 737s and 747s as well. The cost of all this promises to be high, amounting to an average of around $600,000 per plane. Still, conducted on a phased basis, it does not spell fiscal ruin for the majors, and given FAA forces, they have no choice but to comply. The FAA has also made recommendations regarding improvement of crew performance.It has, for example, suggested that airlines should avoid pairing two pilots who may be q ualified but inexperienced, either as pilot or in the particular aircraft type they would be flying (Ott p. 29). The Agency has also urged that only experienced pilots be given control over aircraft during times of severe weather conditions. both of these proposals have been accepted by the industry. farther more controversial, the FAA has also endorsed the idea of move autonomous safety departments within each airline that would have absolute power to ground flights or personnel on the basis of safety.These departments would actively monitor pilot performance through retrospective query of data contained in tapes on flight recorders (Fotos p. 31). Although the airlines see such a move as having safety-enhancing outcomes, the notion that control over scheduled flights will be ceded by line management to a safety procedures, has met with some resistance. At bottom, implementing the FAAs suggestions will carry a step bell tag in both financial and management labor terms, and take n together, may contribute to a second round of shakeouts, as weaker carriers will not be able to bear these costs and run to be competitive.