Antigone Tragic Hero Essay Essay

Most Greek tragedies were based on myths and consisted of a series of dramatic episodes mixed with a chorus who commented on the dramatic action or analyzed the pattern of events. The role of a tragic hero was vital to the tragic plays. Sophocles argues that a tragic hero is a character who possesses six specific traits. A tragic hero must be of noble stature, can not be perfect, their downfall most be their fault, their misfortune is not wholly deserved, the fall is not a total loss, and has a moral purpose. Therefore, Creon is the tragic hero in Antigone because he is of noble stature, posses character flaws, and his fall is not an entire loss. Creon is the brother of Jocasta, who was the wife and mother of Oedipus, who was the king of Thebes. He becomes ruler of Thebes after the s of Oedipus’ two sons, Eteocles and Polynices in the recent civil war. In his speech to the people assuring the citizens that order and safety have returned to Thebes he says, â€Å"I now posses the throne and all its powers†(line 194, page 67). This passage easily shows that Creon is the ruler of Thebes because it says that he posses the throne which is a possession of the king. This shows that Creon is of noble stature, which is one of the necessities of a tragic hero. Throughout the whole play Creon exhibits that he is imperfect. Creon is very stubborn as well as ignorant, which results in his many problems all through the play. In his dispute with Haemon over the fate of Antigone he says, % –show me a greater crime in all the earth! She, she destroys cities, rips up houses, breaks the ranks of spearmen into headlong rout. But the ones who last it out, the great mass of them owe their lives to discipline. Therefore we must defend the men who live by law, never let some woman triumph over us. Better to fall from power, if fall we must, at the hands of a man–never be rated inferior to a woman, never (lines 751-761 page 94).† The word % † basically means â€Å"without a leader.† He makes it sound as if he may be speaking about Antigone. Creon looks at as the unavoidable consequence when insubordination of the law is left with impunity. This excerpt vividly shows how Creon is very stubborn and ignorant. He refuses to see that woman play a  major role in society. He only views them as objects. He visions woman as a threat to masculine superiority and he will stop at nothing to avert this from happening. His refusal to allow Antigone to go free ultimately results in the of his son and his wife. This shows that Creon is imperfect, which is also one of the requirements of a tragic hero. By the end of the play, after the of his wife and son, Creon gains some self-knowledge and learns from what he has done. After Creon learns of the of his wife and son he says, â€Å"Ohhh, so senseless, so insane†¦ my crimes, my stubborn, ly— Look at us, the killer, the killed, father and son, the same —the misery! My plans, my mad fanatic heart, my son, cut off so young! Ai, , lost to the world. Not through you stupidity, no, my own (line 1395-1400, page 124).† This quotation from the play illustrates that Creon realizes that his stubbornness and foolishness is the cause of all of this pandemonium. Creon now understands that his flaws resulted in his family’s . He then goes on to say, â€Å"Oh I’ve learned through and tears (line 1405-1406, page 124).† This shows that he has learned his lesson so the of his family is not a complete loss because now he is aware of the fact that it is because of his stubbornness and stupidity that this occ urred. This shows that Creon’s fall is now a pure loss, which is as well, a condition of a tragic hero. Creon is the tragic hero in Antigone because he is of noble stature, posses character flaws, and his fall is not an entire loss. These flaws eventually are what leads Creon to his demise and to the of his wife and son. In Antigone there were numerous themes. One of the themes is pride and its effect on the characters. Both Antigone and Creon are exceedingly proud, making it impossible for either one of them to back down once they have taken a position on something. This character flaw leads to their downfall. In contemporary times, we can relate this type of tragic hero to powerful figures like Donald Rumsfeld, who does not waver from his positions until others have paid a heavy price for his pride. Another theme is Moral Law vs. Human Law. This is shown when Antigone’s conscience influences her to bury her brother, which conflicts with Creons law of the state. It’s a decision of whether morals should be placed above the human law. A semi-modern  example of this can be seen in World War II where the soldiers had to decide between their morals or the decision of the state in the s of the Jews. The third and final central theme is the position of woman. This is brought up several times in Antigone. Creon feels that woman are subordinate to men and should never be placed as high as men. This is also evident in present times because even now women do not have the same opportunities as men do although women have come a long way in just this century. There will always be tragic heroes in any society. They are usually high-profile people who rise and fall in the public eye. Hopefully, those of us who watch their stories unfold can learn from their experiences by debating the merits of the decisions a one-time hero made to render him/her tragic. The presence of a tragic hero is evident in modern society because even now we have people who are examples of tragic hero’s.

Correlation of Nation and Identity with Forensic Science

The current popularity of detective, crime and mystery television shows in the United States is incontrovertible. In the last few years, crime shows like Law and Order, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, CSI: Miami, CSI: New York, Without a Trace, Law and Order: SVU, Law and Order: Criminal Intent and Cold Case from producers Dick Wolf and Jerry Bruckheimer have consistently been ranked among the top television shows in the United States. Along with this, it is important to note that most of the aforementioned shows are already in syndication.Consider for example the manner in which such shows feature the same themes depicted in various variations as is evident in other television shows such as Criminal Minds, Bones, House, and Medium. While some of the deluge of detective and crime shows may be attributed to the cable channels’ need to fill voluminous airtime, it certainly seems that the production of so many new and spin-off dramas indicates a current preoccupation with the mec hanics of crime and punishment. In lieu of this, this paper opts to discuss the manner in which crime shows depict the correlation of nationhood and identity with forensic science in the United States.I will argue that the aforementioned shows [mystery television shows] portray the connection between policing and the security of the nation. The bases for such an argument are as follows. First, mystery crime television shows counter the anxiety that individuals can defy the normative categories of justice as well as escape justice and thereby harm the fabric of society through the demonstration of ways that traces can implicate and thereby indict an individual allowing the assumed necessary entailment of punishment from the commitment of crime.Second, the depiction of the assumed causal correlation of crime and punishment in such mystery crime television shows enables the creation of a clear moral world wherein morality can be effectively deployed through police procedural formula. T hird, the portrayal of such [effectiveness of police procedural formula in the determination of the identity of the criminal] enables the affirmation of the stability of national identity. Such an affirmation is enabled through the formation of a correlation between police procedural measures [defense methods] as expressions of a policing of society and hence a securing of identities.It is important to note that the aforementioned assumptions are based upon the implicit assumption that the depiction of policing methods through the aforementioned shows categorized within the mystery crime genre enables the detached acquisition of policing functions upon the spectator [in this sense the American audience]. If such is the case, such shows thereby enable the formation of an assurance of the implementation of normative accounts of justice through the depiction of the successful methods in which policing procedures enable the aforementioned correlation of crime and punishment.It is import ant to note, however, that such an assurance is enabled without the direct participation of the spectator thereby enabling the spectator to be placed within a position wherein he is not placed in direct danger. The consequence of such, however, lies in the spectator’s ready acquisition of the depicted national identity within the aforementioned shows. It is important to note that in order for such shows to succeed it must build upon a conception of a community defined by function. Such a definition assumes that a community â€Å"is made to come into existence around certain acts, certain types of individuals, certain crimes†.The depiction of such however, must â€Å"claim to account for the public interest of the community†. Within such shows, the interest lies in depicting the manner in which moral and practical responsibility can be attained without the direct involvement of the individual. It is interesting to note that this is in direct contradiction to the trend in the past crime shows [Crimebeat and Crimesquad] wherein the individual is presented with an opportunity to have direct involvement in the surveillance of the implementation of justice within their community.This, however, can best be understood within the context of the post-September 11 incident within the United States. In the post-September 11 United States, interest in these crime shows links the effective policing of individual crimes with larger concerns about national security. Wolf’s Law and Order franchise and Bruckheimer’s CSI franchise have built their popularity by producing shows that closely resemble the first show in the series, using distinctive characters and different methods or locales to give each of the shows an individual identity.Like popular detective fiction, these shows replay and revise plots about violence and sexuality in a familiar trajectory that generally offers a reassuring final return to order. In his study of the aesthetics and appeal of formulaic narrative, Adventure, Mystery, and Romance: Formula Stories as Art and Popular Culture, John G. Cawelti defines the genre [mystery genre] as characterized with â€Å"the investigation and discovery of hidden secrets†¦the discovery usually leading to some benefit for the character(s) with whom the reader identifies†.In addition to this Cawelti further notes that within the aforementioned genre [mystery genre] there is â€Å"always a desirable and rational solution†¦this is the moral fantasy expressed in this formulaic archetype†. CSI and Law and Order are less related to the crime or thriller genres than they are to the classic police procedurals that follow the mystery formula, using clues to expose secrets and solve the crime with a ‘rational solution’.This process of investigation and exposure generally results in a conservative conclusion that reaffirms the efficacy of the detective procedure and the stability of societ y. Even in those rare cases where the police fail to apprehend the criminal or the courts fail to convict, the shows affirm that law enforcement knows the true perpetrator and they still reinforce the general efficacy of the larger system. Doubtless, the popularity of Law and Order and its spin-offs, as well as the variety of true crime forensic science shows, has influenced the production of CSI.More so than Law and Order, the CSI’s foreground forensic science and link it to detection. CSI features a familial network of colleagues occasionally studded with sexual tension and headed by a tough-yet-sensitive older male character who often functions in a paternal role. The vaguely familial structure allows a soap-opera type of social dynamic to unfold alongside the dominant detective narratives, a formula that shows more investment in character than the original Law and Order storylines, but still places detective method above characterization.In order to make the show compelli ng and fit into the detective genre, the typically specialized and limited role of the forensic scientist in collecting or testing certain kinds of evidence is expanded to the point that the accompanying police detectives need only to make the arrests [much of the questioning, deduction, confrontation falls to the forensic scientist].In this, the CSI team resembles Sherlock Holmes, who did his own forensic evidence analysis as a natural extension of his role as detective, famously trying to precipitate a reagent for hemoglobin, taking specimens of ash, or watching for family resemblances in an earlobe in order to crack a case. The CSI shows taken together seem to be mapping the United States by profiling a series of cities seen as distinctive urban centers: Las Vegas, Miami, New York. These cities are tourist destinations, known for wealth and metropolitan attractions including luxurious and fashionable clubs, nightlife, gambling and sex markets.In addition to the decadence associat ed with such centers, each is a cultural crossroads, and the shows feature characters that represent the racial and ethnic diversity of these cities. Interestingly, the body count in the CSI shows, however, is mostly white and middle class, establishing a familiar norm for the middle-American victims of crime that might reflect the popular viewing audience that seeks out the show. In her examination of the visual rhetoric of CSI, Gever notes that CSI differs from earlier police shows in that it depicts the mobilization of a historically and culturally specific kind of subject.Only CSI: New York explicitly invokes the September 11 attack on the World Trade Center [wherein the lead detective’s wife was depicted as one of those who died in the attack], but all three shows work in the context of the immediate political threat represented by individual crimes as assaults on the body politic. In other words, the shows depicted the social consequences of individual crime. In the fac e of the threat represented by crime, even a diverse society can be united in outrage against criminals.The CSI shows often depict excessively violent crime as the failure of the individual to moderate his or herself, a lack of self-policing and of effectively internalizing American values; even in a hedonistic city, it is possible to overstep the bounds of civilization. This reassuring emphasis on morality is cast in terms of combat. The investigators represent the effective deployment of the ideology of law and order, as the shows dramatize the war on crime as a noble battle with many casualties.Forensic science, on the other hand shows the notion that human beings leave traces of themselves wherever they go, inviting us to believe that the criminals will inevitably be caught by the idealized scientists who wield innovative procedures. This ideology, that science will inevitably catch our criminals and return society to a state of precarious security, if not innocence, certainly s eems to recall a religious faith that crime will not go unpunished, that good will prevail over evil. In a sense, these shows portray the manner in which lawlessness is effectively managed.Science, on the other hand is depicted as establishing the truth of identity through the body and its traces, replacing the fearsome image of the violated corpse with the firm reestablishment of the rule of science and law. As was stated in the beginning of the paper, these shows [specifically CSI shows] thereby depict the manner in which nationhood is consolidated through the use of law and science in the establishment of truth. The importance of the use of both disciplines [law and science] in ensuring the restoration of security within a nation is evident if one considers the universal foundations of both disciplines: justice and truth.Given these aforementioned foundations, it is thereby possible to portray a nation whose stability [and hence national identity] is ensured due to the universali ty of its main foundations that being justice and truth. Bibliography Cawelti, J, Adventure, Mystery, and Romance: Formula Stories as Art and Popular Culture, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1976. CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2004) ‘Ch-Ch-Changes’, CBS Network, 18 November.CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2005) ‘Who Shot Sherlock? ’ CBS Network, 5 January. Doyle, A, â€Å"The Cardboard Box†, The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes, Vol. 2, Barnes and Noble, New York, 2003. Gever, M, â€Å"The Spectacle of Crime, Digitized: CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and Social Anatomy†, European Journal of Cultural Studies 8. 4, 2005, p. 445-63 Harrington, W, â€Å"Nation, Identity, and the Fascination of Forensic Science in Sherlock Holmes and CSI†, International Journal of Cultural Studies 10. 3, 2007, p. 365-82. Palmer, G, Disorder and Liberty, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2003. Weldes, J, Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities , and the Production of Danger, University of Minnesota Press, Minnesota, 1999.

Why did communist governments rapidly collapse throughout Europe Essay

Why did communist governments rapidly collapse throughout Europe during the late 1980s and early 1990s - Essay Example For instance, US which eventually supported Europe by pushing for democracy with the intention of overthrowing Soviet’s autocratic leadership. The US gained support from the people though its intervention did not help much in liberation of the majority. However, their â€Å"diplomatic† intervention contributed immensely to the communism’s collapse by interfering with its (soviet) leadership. This is evident with the then period’s Reagan doctrine whose core purpose encompassed aiding anticommunist movements. Reagan in his quest to thwart communist’s threats and safeguard US’s interests, he embarked on constructive peacetime strategy that up to date comprise the world’s history. Consequently, this led to signing of subsequent treaties with Soviet aimed at both reducing and shunning any intentions of launching nuclear missiles either in space or land-based (Louka 353). Since, they were detrimental to humanity’s existence (Louka 353 ). This was Reagan’s rapport to destabilize and weaken states that seemed hostile to US’ interests. Therefore, this intervention besides other varied strategies by US undercover utterly rendered Soviet’s regime extremely weak to the extent of not being able to subdue states, which it had conquered. Since, they continued to receive support from outside in form of establishing movements, for instance, Poland’s Solidarity Trade union (Shevel 228). Solidarity in Poland acted as an umbrella of all anticommunist movements in the country whereby its action was immense to the then incumbent regime. Gradually, these Round The table negotiations and strong oppositions emanating from demonstrating workers or movements in varied states led to the collapse of communist system (Shevel 228). Another reason was due to the emergency of nationalism, which not only acted as a democratic project but also an anticommunist force. Nationalism received an immense support especia lly by numerous Communist dominated states that were in quest of liberty and evading Marxist theory. This was democratization process, which received support both from citizens and Polish Catholic Church whereby the latter rejected Soviet way of governance (Muehlenbeck 248). This is because almost all other religions in the state were under the control of Soviet except catholic church that assumed a unique position, hence resulted to offering support to the varied anticommunist movements (nationalism being one of them) (Muehlenbeck 248). Hence, actions of both nationalism and Polish Catholic Church against communist acted as an example to other states that were under the dominion of soviet, which also adopted the same agitation (Muehlenbeck 248). Communist governments in Europe lacked proper strategies both for infrastructure and economic reinvestment. The mainstream regime instead emphasized on military power with the intention of thwarting threats from other global states that sho wed interests in Europe, for instance, US. Poor economic investment yielded to numerous demonstrations especially by workers who cited they were experiencing underpayment besides other varied bad conditions while working. Hence, prompting citizens and powerful movements translate the presence of soviet in Europe did not have any significant impact but to dehumanize the ordinary people. Inadequate economic investment emanated from self-interests that characterized the leaders of the day besides the mainstream soviet regime instead of elevating the ordinary. This fueled the aspect of quick democratization in all states; Poland acting as an example that successfully managed to defy communism (Muehlenbeck 248).

Influence of Culture on Values and Expectations in Ones Life Essay

Influence of Culture on Values and Expectations in Ones Life - Essay Example Our expectations from life generally revolve around our careers and our relationships. Career choice has been rapidly influenced by the corporate culture that inadvertently inspires each graduate of a business school. Likewise, Boston Legal, a popular TV series related to legal practice has set the expectations of law students to a different level. Â  The media may generally depict people in stereotypical ways such that consumers are encouraged to adopt expectations about the roles that those people occupy. Following the example of female attorneys, if the media depicted few females in the role of attorney, then consumers of the media might come to think of males as much more likely to be attorneys. (Sparks, 200) Â  The field of journalism as portrayed by the various news channels is now associated with thrill and adventure that drives many students to choose it as their career. Similarly, more and more young people are lured towards entertainment industry in a dream to become a superstar. Â  Fresh graduates wish to climb the ladder of success quickly in an effort to reach the executive level positions in any organization. Thus a major shift in their priorities has occurred and their goal is no more to achieve professional excellence. The expectations of people from their careers are not limited to high salaries alone but have extended beyond to meet other expectations in life; the images of business tycoons flying across the world in their private jets; or owning private mansions in Europe; etc. have become a common dream for many people.

Post WWII Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Post WWII Discrimination - Essay Example All the participants of the war were entitled to government compensation due to their effort and time wasted in protecting the country. The compensations would enable the ex-soldiers improve their lives and settle fast after the mission2. The government passed Servicemen Readjustment Act in 1944 to adequately recognize the military personnel who had taken part in the war. This law would help the soldiers to settle immediately after the war and enjoy their Lives with relatives and families. However, after the war, black servicemen received unfair treatment from the state compared to their white counterparts in terms of remunerations and other individual rights envisaged in Servicemen Readjustment Acts of 1944. According to the government policies all the soldiers who had taken part in the world war two were promised inexpensive marketable and dwelling houses. All the soldiers whether back or white who had taken part in the Second World War, would have a chance to acquire the buildings of their choices on fair terms3. The government would subsidize the houses for the soldiers to enable them acquire dwelling places and settle with their families and relatives. The state had also offered to give those military men interest free loans which they could use to purchase houses at a lower than market value. However, after the end of the war white military men were given the chances to purchase the houses as promised. They were also given huge amount of loans which ere interest free to purchase the houses. On the other hand, black soldiers did not get any opportunity to buy the houses at lower than market value. They did not get any loan at all in favorable terms as promised by the government4. Consequently, the white soldiers bought good residential and commercial houses and lived a high quality life. The black soldiers on the other hand continued to live in poverty like before. This resulted to inequality in wealth possessions among the ex-soldiers in America. The gove rnment of America had promised all the soldiers who were involved in the war a chance to further their learning after the end of the war5. This offer was for both black and white soldiers, and the cost would be borne by the American government. After the war the government offered chances to white military men to pursue their studies at different education levels of their choices. The government gave the white soldiers first priority and they occupied all learning institutions6. However, most of the black ex-servicemen were denied this privilege of advancing their learning. Even those who were admitted in schools were not allowed to mix with the white soldiers. The black soldiers were given accommodation in tents because they were considered inferior and unworthy to live in the same building with the white soldiers who were considered superior7. This amounted to inequality because all soldiers had acquired similar training and fought on equal terms during the Second World War Inequa lity was also witnessed in sporting activities. Sports such as horse race, golf and swimming facilities were preserves of the white. The white soldiers enjoyed better sporting facilities while the black soldiers did not have access to gaming facilities at all. After the war the black servicemen were blamed by the white counterparts for their inability to perform excellently during the war. The white soldie

The beauty of customer service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The beauty of customer service - Essay Example In some cases, they will carry out related functions during a sale. The nature of success is determined by the aspect of interaction facilitated by the employee, which is based on modifying their behavior and response in accordance to the various customers that they must deal with. In the case of sales engineering, customer service is quintessential in the role of a firm’s ability to increase sales and revenue. In this case, customer service should be integrated as part of the company structure as a measure of improving the overall system. An experience regarding the customer service can be used to improve a customer’s perspective on a firm. There have been a number of arguments relating to quality and the level of customer satisfaction. It is estimated that the level of customer service has decreased over the years, which can be blamed on the inadequate level of customer support as well as understanding the different levels of management in a corporation. Another factor is the customer service policy(s), which may not suit or satisfy a customer regarding their requirements from a given firm (Turban, 21). In order to address this element, companies are implementing various methods that would allow or improve customer satisfaction. Establishing Customer support is a major strategy being applied to eradicate the declining rate of customer satisfaction. It includes training, upgrading, trouble-shooting, installation, disposal and planning of a product. The strategy is developed to provide the essential components that address customer satisfaction and ensure that the customers or consumers are impressed by the organization. Customer service can be provided by an individual (sales representative), or by an automated system. An example of automated systems is Internet sites. A significant advantage by using an automated system is that it increases the ability to implement a 24-hour service on a daily basis, which

Migrant labor and unions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Migrant labor and unions - Essay Example ding housing, transportation, bathing facilities, wages comparable to those of American laborers, and contracts written in Spanish; (US Government, p 1760) discrepancies between the guaranteed protections and actual treatment were, unfortunately, the norm. Many Mexican workers found themselves working in sub-standard conditions, and often faced hostility from the local population. Still, they were supposed to pay well by Mexican standards, and so many took the risk of winding up in lousy contracts. Important for our purposes is the way the Bracero program managed to establish the kind of circular migration pattern still a part of now mostly illegal Mexican migrant work: workers would come to the US for some time, return to Mexico during the off season, and then come back to the US to make more money with the next crop. It also established a history of broken promises to migrant workers on the part of farm labor employers, and minimal repercussion on those who would take advantage of migrant laborers. In the late 1960s, the Bracero program and all of its extensions and revised forms officially ended, but migration by Mexican workers north in search of agricultural did not. Today, many come for similar reasons as those who came generations ago. Not much has changed since the early half of the twentieth century concerning the motivations for workers to migrate: â€Å"Conditions in Mexico were much the same then as they are now—politically and economically unstable with a corrupt government and massive unemployment... Farmers and peasants tied to Mexico’s feudal economic system flocked by the thousands for a chance to travel to El Norte where work and a new life could be found†. (Bedolla) In the initial stages of the Bracero program, employers were responsible for transporting temporary workers to and from their home location in Mexico. When the program ended, many found that plenty of Mexican workers would make the trip themselves, often suffering

Discuss how and why leaders are able to influence their followers Essay

Discuss how and why leaders are able to influence their followers. Illustrate your answer by using examples from different power - Essay Example It can be inferred that a person possessing these qualities form a good role as a leader. A leader demonstrates high self-esteem and positive attitude. He emphatically works towards the achievement of objective but never gets aggressive for it. A continuous training, self-study, and evaluation in life develop the traits of leader. Situation can never be as per our desire but response to those situations remains under our control. A good leader not only responds in a positive manner but also inspires other members of group to see the brighter side of the situation. Why Leaders Influence Followers Influence and leadership are complementary. It is considered as one of the integral elements of power. A potent leadership cannot sustain without influence because that is the fundamental aspect of leader. Influence forms part of the core components of leader’s traits. Influence is the ability of leader to maintain respect and position of power within an organization. Certainly, influe nce in a flourishing organization must not be used negatively and should be used positively to influence subordinates and co-workers. Leaders use influence in order to demonstrate their control and autonomy. Leaders need to influence followers to: Alter their schedules and plans Provide timely and relevant information Support and approve proposals and plans Carry out and accept new tasks Control inappropriate behavior How Leaders Influence Followers There are numbers of tactics that are utilized by leaders in order to influence followers. Power Use Model predicts tactics of leaders in terms of hardness and softness. Hard tactics include legitimating, exchange, assertiveness, pressures, coalitions, and upward appeal. Soft tactics include inspirational appeal, personal appeal, ingratiation, consultation, and rational persuasion. Three possible outcomes are revealed as a result of these tactics. They include resistance, compliance, and commitment. A successful leader is the one that un derstand what tactics will work best for specific group of individual or particular situation. If the anticipated outcomes are not attained, it indicates that an inappropriate tactic has been used. If leaders intend to drive a change, the art of influence must be learnt. 1. Reward Power Reward power comes from the perception of employee that supervisor or leader has the capacity to provide specific reward to deserving individuals. It is the leader’s ability of rewarding those employees, who demonstrate desirable behavior. Some examples of reward power include promotions, pay increase, status symbols, work schedules, bonuses, recognition awards etc. Even a simple privately or publicly admiration for a job done well is considered as reward and can be proved as a beneficial management tool. For instance, if an employee suggested a process enhancement that ultimately saves money of the respective department would be rewarded and in this way, reward power spurs motivation and prod uctivity at workplace. It is human nature to go that ‘extra mile’ for the sake of additive benefits. Many researchers argue that power is usually perceived. One has power only if he really believes he has it. 2. Coercive Power Coercive power is considered as having the perception of fear among employees. It is that power, which comes from the authority of an individual to punish. Leaders demonstrate this type of power by threatening others. According to

The Spectrochemical Series Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Spectrochemical Series - Lab Report Example Also ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), 16.00 g was dissolved in concentrated aqueous ammonia (NH4OH), 16 m ,there was formation of white suspension as a result of this. The dissolving process was done in separate beakers. The 2 solutions were then mixed in a casserole. These led to the formation of an orange solution. Following this, there was small increment addition of 4 ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into this solution; this resulted to the formation of black solution with fizzing of oxygen gas. Lastly, the solution changed to maroon. The solution was heated on a steam bath until thick slurry was obtained; it was then put in an ice bath to cool. The rinsing of the solution was carried using 3 M hydrochloric acid (65 ml) in a 200 ml beaker and heated 10 minutes at 60?C. The solution was placed on an ice bath to cool and it was later filtered under a vacuum and the resulting precipitate was washed with acetone and cold water (iced). As a result of this there was formation of a pink pre cipitate. Week 2: There was addition of 2 M aqueous ammonia (NH4OH) (200 ml) in a beaker with the solid then heated to 50-60?C. this resulted to the formation of a cherry red solution. Then later, there was addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid (65 ml) to the solution. This resulted to the formation of white fumes. This solution was then heated for 10 min. ... Then later the precipitate was put at 110 ?C in an oven for 1 hour. Lastly, the solid mass was obtained using an electronic balance. Results and Discussion: Complex Formula of complex Color of solution Absorbance peak (nm) Splitting energy (J) A [Co(NH3)5Cl]2+ Pink 530.76 374519E-19 B [Co(NH3)6]3+ Orange 474.86 4.18228E-19 C [Co(NH3)5F]2+ (Not Given) 500-515 3.9756E-19 - 3.85981E-19 D [Co(NH3)5Br]2+ Purple 548.24 3.62578E-19 E [Co(NH3)5H2O]3+ Light red/orange 497.04 3.9994E-19 Table 1: Shows formulae of the complex, Solution Color, peak absorbance, and the splitting energy Of the 5 cobalt complexes employed in the experiment. Calculations (sample B): ?E = hc/? ? E = (6.626x10-34Js)(3x108m/s)/(474.86x10-9m) ? E = 4.18228E-19J Overall Reaction: 2CoCl2.6H2O +10NH4OH +2NH4Cl +H2O2 +3Cl- Â  ? 2[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 + 24H2O + NH3Â   Re-crystallized solid Mass = solid mass + vial mass) – vial mass =15.76 – 13.25 = 2.51 g Reactions: CoCl2Â ·6H2O ? [Co(H2O)6]2+ + 2 Cl- [Co(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 2NH3(aq) ? [Co(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 2NH4+(aq) [Co(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 5NH3(aq)? [Co(NH3)5]2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 2OH?(aq) [Co(NH3)5]2+(aq)+ ? H2O2? [Co(NH3)5]3+ + OH- (aq) [Co(NH3)5]3+ + 3Cl- ?[Co(NH3)5Cl]2+ + 2Cl- ?[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 Mol of CoCl2.6H2O = mass/molar mass = 5.00/238 = 0.021008 mol CoCl2.6H2O : [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 = 2 : 2 = 1 : 1 Mol of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 = 0.021008 mol Mass of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 = 0.021008 X 250.5 = 5.26 g % yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) X 100 = (2.51 / 5.26) X 100 = 47.71 % This experiment was able to determine the identity of each of these five cobalt complexes. Basing on the table information provided, the Cobalt complexes can be determined easily by arranging them according to wavelength from smallest to the largest: D < A < C < E < B This arrangement corresponds

Buyer behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Buyer behaviour - Essay Example One of the main reasons of this report is to study how this advertisement campaign slogan has helped in boosting the organization’s sales and whether it has been effective (John, March 21, 2002). To do this one will have to identify who the slogan is aimed at, what products are offered by the organization, when the product is in use, the positioning of the advert and lastly why the slogan is so effective. In order to know who the product is aimed at, one has to consider the product itself. Nike organisation has a wide range of products, ranging from sport shoes, clothes and drinking bottles. One of the most common things about these products is that, they are mainly used when people are performing sport related activities such as running, jumping or climbing. The advertisement campaign â€Å"Just Do It† targets both the young and the old who fills they have the strength to go an extra mile. The campaign slogan invokes the spirit to go an extra mile. According to analyst s, the advertisement campaign was mostly successful in targeting sport lovers because it gave them the motivation to do something, when they thought their strength was depleted (John, March 21,2002). This means that the advertisement campaign gave them an extra motivation to just go ahead and do whatever it is they thought was impossible. Most customers are willing to pay more money for the brand because they judge it as beige more dominant than any other brand in its field. The brand has also been associated with leading organisations in their particular fields such as Coco-cola Gillette and other leading organisations. This has helped in expanding its customer out reach. According to executives of the company, this has been made possible due to the use of the slogan â€Å"Just Do It† in their advertisement campaign. In addition, according to research most customers have associated the brand with style and reliability. This has also played a crucial part in expanding the org anisation’s consumer outlook. In conclusion, one can state that the advertisement campaign slogan targets sportsman and women, age not being a hindrance and people who are willing to go an extra mile to achieve total satisfaction. Nike organisation offers a range of products such as sport shoes, sport clothes, drinking bottles and many other products related to sports. However, the organisation’s best seller to date, due to the slogan used as its main advertisement campaign, is shoes. This product has helped the company in expanding its market shear in an extremely congested industry. Because of the success of the slogan, the organisation has been able to command more sales, irrespective to its highly priced products. This has helped in generating more revenue than any of its competitor. After the organisation implemented its ‘Just Do It’ slogan in its campaign, the organisation saw its market shear rise, due to influence it had on the consumers. Its sport shoe business rose from eighteen percent to a whooping forty-three percent, in less ten years of the advertisement campaign implementation. This means that, the slogan influenced the consumers behaviour, which led to success the company has today. The organisation brand is immensely influential in the market. Its products are well identified with its branding of a tick like figure, which also goes with the slogan that the company uses as its main slogan in advertisements campaigns

Waterbording & torture Essay Example for Free

Waterbording torture Essay Waterbording is definitely torture. There is absolutely no way around this issue, it is torture pure and simple. Waterbording is slow suffocation, with water being poured over you gag reflex. It is in effect, controlled drowning. Waterbording is not a stimulation of drowning; it is the real thing, where the victim feels like they are drowning. Depending on the desired result, it will be dictated by the torture how long the victim is to be drowned. I do not believe that waterboarding is an effective tool for interrogation. When a person is being tortured they are liable to say and do anything, just for the torture to stop. Take for instance the story of the sixty year old man, who was tortured using the waterboarding technique. He told his captors everything what they wanted, to hear, but in reality he was none of these things, just a simple school teacher, who’s only crime was that he once spoke French. But even though he told them some truth, they did not stop, but continued to torture him. This is because many of the torturers take a certain sadistic pleasure in torturing their victims even more. This just goes to show that waterboarding as an effective torture tool is useless, because you cannot be really sure if the person is telling the truth, unless you personally check it out. The victims have no choice but to cooperate with this form of torture. Because America has supported the use of waterboarding techniques, you can be sure that whenever Americans are captured and taken prisoners, they will be treated no differently and subjected to waterboarding torture as well. Waterboarding is a war crime and should be treated as such by people all over the world. Source: Nance, Malcom. Waterbording is torture Period. Small Wars Journal (2007): 1-7. 4 Apr. 2008 www. smallwarsjournal. com/blog/2007/10/waterboarding- is- torture- perio.

What is a Responsible Enterprise?

What is a Responsible Enterprise? The purpose of this essay is to effectively communicate what constitutes a responsible enterprise. Throughout this essay, the aim is to discuss the changing role of business. Firstly, this essay aims to identify the key global economic and environmental challenges that we face. It will then proceed to set out the understanding of the phrase responsible enterprise, and how acknowledging, understanding and implementing responsible enterprise values and strategies might help address those challenges. It will then proceed to look at the roles and responsibilities of government and non-profit organisations and suggest why greater collaboration between business, government non-profits might be necessary in order to responsibly tackle the challenges that face us. Finally, it will synthesise the contents of the essay and conclude on the global challenges. The criterion of sustainability integrate three firmly interlinked elements: economic, environmental and social, and when successfully combined can lead to long lasting sustainability (Sheehan, 2009). Elkington (1997) proposed the triple bottom line in relation to sustainability, coining together the term people, planet, profit. (Elkington, 1997). The concept of responsible enterprise has a fundamental problem, as people and businesses conceptualise the planet as having abundant resources, hence leading people to believe that economic expansion has countless possibilities (Wadham, 2016). The responsibility does not solely reside with one party, but is contributed to by business, consumers and government. If the efforts of these people are successfully integrated, this triad can shape society (Wetherly and Otter, 2011). With the current status of the world, there are an inordinate amount of challenges that are faced as a global society. This essay will cover two in particular, in rela tion to the pillars of sustainability. The first pillar of sustainability is economic. The need for a favourable economic environment is important for businesses and their ability to grow dynamically. In addition to this, stability enhances the external economic environment in a fortunate way for companies as it creates certainty (Wetherly and Otter, 2014). However, due to the global financial crisis of 2008, uncertainty was spread worldwide and the ripples caused nine years ago are still subsiding. Economists failed to perceive the downfall of the US sub-prime mortgage market and were collectively blamed for starting a global economic crisis (Pettifor, 2017). Being such a wide scale catastrophe, starting with the superpower, a domino effect proceeded worldwide. One such effect had the International labour market describing it as a global job crisis (Shah, 2013). Jobs were cut as employers could not afford to keep them on, as a result people cut back on expenditure and stopped spending as much money which caused businesse s to suffer further. This caused a rift in the business market. It also meant developing countries who were finally improving, were knocked backed once again. As the crisis, caused food prices to rise, commodity prices are fuel prices to soar. Though the immediate focus of this essay is not on the social aspect of sustainably, it has just as much importance. It involves allowing natural communities and individuals to flourish in the present and future. It is a concept that aims to maximise community assets (Georgia Tech, no date). One key global challenge in relation to this, is the water crisis. Due to bad economics and infrastructure, people are dying, in the millions, from inadequate supplies. It affects a shockingly 40% of the worlds population and is increasing (The Water Project, 2016). Completing the triad, is environmental impact and it is becoming more apparent that acknowledging business impact is essential. A sustainable business pertains to organisations efforts for creating human benefits in relation to harmonizing their environmental aspects against their criteria with government and society (Crosbie and Knight, 1995). One major challenge that has created awareness is Climate Change. Involving shifting and uncreditable weather patterns that threaten production of food, to problems such as calamitous flooding due to rising sea levels. (United Nation, 2016). As a result, the impacts of climate change are catalysing negative impacts on the environment. In efforts to control environmental impact, The Paris Climate Change Agreement, made it a requirement for both developed and developing countries to limit their emissions to safe levels, by regularly reviewing their activity (United Nation, 2012). However, in terms of business it was found that only 37% of the wo rlds biggest companies were reporting complete data on greenhouse gas emissions (The Climate Group, 2013). This inhibits the full impact they could have and questions how responsible they are. With responsible enterprise being such a complex phenomenon, there is no consensus, thus no singular definition. The diverse interpretations encompass various concepts including corporate social responsibility (CSR), sustainability and corporate citizenship. Responsible enterprise as a whole is defined as when companies operationalise their corporate responsibilities in all of their strategies and business practices by developing relationships with stakeholders and by working to maximise sustainability of the natural environment. (Waddock and Rasche, 2012: 4). According to the definition provided, the focus of the company should not solely reside in one area, and responsibility should be applied into the core values of the company, in order to enable maximum performance. Along with the vast interpretations there are various models and beliefs about whether it is fundamental for a business to act responsibly. The neo-classical school of thought, believes that businesses can flourish, if a successful environment is created, however this is only possible if the company operates in a free market. As a result, people are free to choose how they behave, without government intervention (Wetherly and Otter, 2014). Friedman (1970) strongly supports this theory, affirming that the underlying principal is to increase profits and whosoever tries to be socially responsible is undermining the previous success a free society has attained, thus making them blind to the true aims of business (Friedman, 1970). However, the global financial crisis proved it was hard to argue in favour of a free market approach, with the collapse of the US free market being a prime example (Reynolds, 2008). Contrary to this belief, Evan Freemanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s (1993) viewpoint is that a company has the responsibility to acknowledge their obligations to indirect stakeholders (Crane and Matten, 2015). In addition, Carrolls (1991) model of corporate social responsibility (CSR) argues the definition of CSR should encompass four levels; including economic, legal, ethical and discretionary or philanthropic responsibilities, as shown in the diagram above (Carroll, 1983). In essence, Carrolls definition brings together a range of interpretations, believing businesses should be conducted with the four elements in mind. However, the stages of the pyramid are not chronological and progressive, because it is possible to satisfy the ethical importance whilst failing to meet the legal obligations (Griseri and Seppala, 2010). Also, the diagram leads you to assume Carroll meant CSR as having a hierarchical nature, therefore leading to believe, the higher you go on the pyramid, the more important the s tage is. However, Carroll stipulates that the economic and legal domains are the most fundamental, while philanthropic responsibilities are considered less important. (Schwartz, 2011:90). An example of a company using CSR strategies is Costa Coffee. They have various initiatives, but one of their most impressive aspects is their alliance with Rainforest Alliance Certified Farms. Farms, forests and tourist businesses who comply with their extensive sustainability criteria are rewarded with the seal of the green frog. This includes meeting Costas environmental protection, economically viable and social criterion. Ultimately they helps address challenges such as deforestation, climate change, alleviation of poverty and helps transform business practices. Costa as a business within the UK use smart coffee machines and 100% renewable energy supply to reduce carbon emissions. They also work in alliance with farmers from England and Wales, therefore contributing to economic growth and supporting small businesses (Costa, 2013). Furthermore, responsible enterprise can be defined using the concept of corporate citizenship (CC). Crane and Matten (2010), believe it should be associated with the corporations action towards governing the social, political and civil rights towards citizens (Crane and Matten, 2010). CC has reference towards the relationship between the individual and the state. In other terms, the rights of the individuals are protected and preserved by the government. Also insinuating that companies have a set of rights and duties to the community (Grisseri and Seppala, 2010). Business ethics is also a part of responsible enterprise. It is a form of applied ethics involving the study of correct conduct in relation to business. Ethical egoism is the perception that the right thing means doing what is best in regards to ones own interest. For example did Coca-Cola implement sustainability to improve their reputation after reports found that the soft drink giant were funding reports that claimed soft drinks were not a cause for obesity (Nestle, 2015). This is a cause for ethical concern as sugary drinks have proven to cause type-II diabetes. Regardless of this they were spending generously to convince researchers otherwise. By doing this, they relate to the theory of a free market by doing anything to gain and increase profits, and disregarding moral issues by lying and bribing. Therefore, it is hard to distinguish whether firms are applying responsible initiatives as a personal interest or genuinely for others, as some claim of being universal, but dont act correctly (Grisseri and Seppala, 2010). Governments should view communities holistically and enact decisions that are mutually beneficial to the environment, economy and health of society (Hitchcock and Willard, 2006). REF. Foreseeing the world demand for sustainability allows governments to adapt by transitioning into an economy that is more efficient. Thus, allowing them to take a lead and come out in a strong position to look out for their industries and communities (Peck and Gibson, 2000). In recent years, the importance of addressing the challenges of sustainability is being recognised by governments at every level (Bell, 2002). A key factor for the government being able to assist positively in all areas of the country, is decentralisation. Centralisation focuses on the retention of authority within the higher brackets of the government. Whereas decentralisation, systematically distributes power and authority throughout the system (Sidana et al., 2015). The need for this system has been acknowledged with the ex-prime minister, David Cameron, recognising and stating centralised national blueprints dont allow local solutions to major social problems and centralisation creates a great distance in our democracy between the government and the governed. (Cameron, 2010). This was further enacted as the Localism Bill came into fruition in 2011 and became an act of parliament. The Localism Act 2011 aims to devolve greater powers to councils and neighbourhoods and give local communities more control. (Localism act 2011 UK parliament, 2011). In regards to the UK government, as a whole, the Green Money Journal (2002) r esearch found that over  £120 billion was invested in institutional and retail funds with active social responsible policies, and sustainable development (Higgs, 2002). In essence, this shows that the government, in the last couple of decades, started to see the requirement of responsibly investing to meet its agendas. This caused for government to intervene. As a result, governments have adopted responsibility of driving CSR, through laws, regulations and tax (Moon, 2004). Firms thrive when markets are operating well, and are simultaneously increasing economic growth. However, allowing markets to take a completely free market approach, doesnt always translate positively. As a precaution, the government sets legislative and institutional frameworks for markets and companies to operate in (HM Government, 2009). By intervening, it means markets are not independent from the government. They intervene through taxes and subsidies, which can be used to influence incentives of firms in the private sector. For example, subsides can be used to increase financial support for businesses with potential, through government grants, soft loans, and taxes (HM Government, 2009). In the way of sustainability, the Environmental Tax was implemented by the UK in order to protect the environment from pollution by promoting positive environmental behaviour and attempting to reduce the damages (Green fiscal commission, 2011). Introduced in 2001, under the environmental tax, wa s the Climate Change Levy (Office for National Statistics, 2016). By businesses demonstrating that they are operating officially and complying with the needs of the environment, they can get relief from some taxes (Environmental taxes, reliefs and schemes for businesses, 2016). This ensures businesses to be more sustainable, due to the actions of the government. In relation to the financial crisis of 2008, the fear spread throughout the entire world economy, instilled confidence in the need for government intervention. This was to inhibit the actions of the market through regulation, in specific reference to the banking sector, in order to prevent history repeating itself (Wetherly and Otter, 2011). An argument for government and businesses collaborating is due to the fact that SMEs equate to 99% of businesses within the EU, making their impact strong (Wetherly and Otter, 2011). They are huge drivers of the economy with 85% of net jobs being created by them, making them favourable. Through the different levels of government, e.g. regional and local, it is easier to provide attention to business growth in one area. It also means SMEs can collaborate with governments, through initiatives, in benefit for themselves, the consumer and the environment. For example, the Welsh government placing  £2m into SMEs to find solutions for the challenges facing the public sector (Welsh Government, 2015). Non-profit organisations (NPO) are also referred to as the voluntary or third sector. Salmon et al (2003) sets out five characteristics for non-profit entities. He states that they are; organisations, private, non-profit distributing, self-governing and voluntary (Salamon et al, 2003). NPOs, have become increasingly present as they have shown to provide a middle way platform, in the sense that previously, dependence was either on the market or the state (Salamon et al, 1999). Most theories of the role of non-profit sector embrace the idea of a trichotomy, which refers to the government, for-profit and non-profit organisations, as they are all involved in the production of goods and services (Powell and Steinberg, 2006). An NPO is exempt from paying tax and is formed for various purposes. The money earned does not financially benefit the trustees and shareholders, but instead is used to pay for its own expenses (Jackson, 2003). This is a main difference between private sector business es and NPOs, as the private sector focuses on the motive of profit (Wetherly and Otter, 2011). Examples of non-profit enterprises include: The Co-Operative, Toms Shoes, and Unicef. In conjunction with these examples, there are other enlightening examples, One World Health is the first non-profit pharmaceutical company that develops medicine at affordable prices for the developing world (OECD, 2010). NPOs therefore acknowledge meeting urgent societal challenges and promoting sustainability. In regards to NPO and Government, awareness has increased that governments who act alone cannot achieve the changes required for sustainability to great effect. As a result, governments need to implement initiatives to increase participation by all sectors of society (Bell, 2002). As a result, partnerships between the three sectors are required. Over the years it has become increasingly apparent that organisations want to work in conjunction with one another. Partnerships are when organisations work together to address tasks by sharing resources, expertise and risk. Furthermore, popular partners of non-governmental organisations has been with the United Nations and Government agencies (Grisseri and Sepala, 2010). To conclude, there are various interpretations and concepts of what constitutes a responsible enterprise. Ultimately, driving sustainability and CSR initiatives are crucial in order to come under the scope of being responsible. Although, this essay only covered a couple global challenges, there are more struggles of the world that are increasing rapidly. These struggles pertain to economic, social and environmental issues. By acknowledging and implementing sustainable solutions we can extend the life of the Earth, increase worldwide social welfare and drive economic growth, in preparation for generation to come. Overall, collaborations are necessary by the government, business and non-profit organisations. By coming together, each can contribute to enhancing sustainability to address the challenges faced. Governments contribute by making sure businesses are aware by implementing legislation and initiatives. Businesses can help by making the products and services they offer make an impact by making consumers aware of the need for sustainability, and also attaining certified stamps to support well established companies that are actively making a difference. Regarding NPOs, they address the challenges by raising awareness, and helping out by investing in the issues that really need help and support. Due to the far reaching involvement sustainability requires. It is evident collaborations are needed as the three models cannot exist in pure form because markets everywhere have already developed in co-operation with the government, voluntary sector and even wider society. References BBC (2008) US superpower status is shaken. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7645743.stm (Accessed: 8 January 2017). In-text citations: (BBC, 2008) Bell, D. (2002) Available at: http://www.bus.tu.ac.th/usr/wai/xm622/conclude%20monsanto/bell11062002.pdf (Accessed: 18 January 2017). Cameron, D. (2010) David Cameron: This is a government that will give power back to the people. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/sep/11/david-cameron-government-power-people (Accessed: 15 January 2017). In-text citations: (Cameron, 2010) Carroll, A.B. (1999) Corporate Social Responsibility: Evolution of a Definitional Construct, Business Society, 38: 268-295 Cassandra Higgs, The UK SRI Market Booms, Green Money Journal February/March 2002, http://www.greenmoney.com/gmj/feb-march2002/3.htm) Costa, 2017 (2013) Social responsibility. Available at: http://www.costa.co.uk/responsibility/ (Accessed: 18 January 2017). Crane, A. and Matten, D. (2016) Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Fourth edn. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. In-text citations: (Crane and Matten, 2016 Environmental taxes, reliefs and schemes for businesses (2016) Available at: https://www.gov.uk/green-taxes-and-reliefs/climate-change-levy (Accessed: 17 January 2017). Friedman, M. (1970) The Social Responsibility of Business is to increase its Profits. The New York Times, September 13. Georgia Tech (no date) What is social sustainability? Available at: https://serve-learn-sustain.gatech.edu/sites/default/files/images/inss-social-sustainability.pdf (Accessed: 18 January 2017). Green fiscal commission (2011) Green fiscal commission: GFC final report. Available at: http://www.greenfiscalcommission.org.uk/index.php/site/about/final_report (Accessed: 17 January 2017). Griseri, P., Seppala, N. and Griseri, T. (2010) Business ethics and corporate social responsibility. United Kingdom: International Thomson Business Press. In-text citations: (Griseri, Seppala, and Griseri, 2010) HM Government (2009) Government in markets why competition matters a guide for policy makers. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/284451/OFT1113.pdf (Accessed: 17 January 2017). Jackson, A. (2003) What is a non-profit business? definition example business plan video lesson transcript. Available at: http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-non-profit-business-definition-example-business-plan.html (Accessed: 17 January 2017). Localism act 2011 UK parliament (2011) Available at: http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2010-11/localism.html (Accessed: 15 January 2017). In-text citations: (Localism act 2011 UK parliament, 2011) Moon, J. (2004) Government as a driver of corporate social responsibility: the UK in comparative perspective. Nottingham: University of Nottingham. (Research Paper Series, No. 20-2004). Nestle, M. (2015) Coca-cola says its drinks dont cause obesity. Science says otherwise coca-cola says its drinks dont cause obesity. Science says otherwise. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/aug/11/coca-cola-obesity-health-studies (Accessed: 18 January 2017). Office for National Statistics (2016) Environmental taxes -2014. Available at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171776_405555.pdf (Accessed: 17 January 2017). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD (2010), SMEs, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, OECD Publishing Pettifor, A. (2017) I was one of the only economists who predicted the financial crash of 2008 in 2017 we need to make urgent changes. Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/brexit-economy-economists-predict-financial-crash-recession-2008-michael-fish-austerity-cant-solve-a7513416.html (Accessed: 8 January 2017).In-text citations: (Pettifor, 2017) Powell, W.W. and Steinberg, R. (2006) The nonprofit sector: A research handbook. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=7n8dPi2ew9YCoi=fndpg=PA1dq=non+profit+organizations+vs+non+governmental+organizationsots=1ApSnto1ZLsig=mffDcFydPU52CjQTLipiVzJm2_E#v=onepageq=non%20profit%20organizations%20vs%20non%20governmental%20organizationsf=false (Accessed: 16 January Salamon et al (1999) Global civil society dimensions of the nonprofit sector. Available at: http://ccss.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/08/Global-Civil-Society-I.pdf (Accessed: 16 January 2017). In-text citations: (Salamon et al, 1999 SALAMON L, SOKOLOWSKI S and LIST R. (2003) Global civil society: An overview. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies,) Schwartz, M.S. (2011) Corporate social responsibility: An ethical approach. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press. In-text citations: (Schwartz, 2011) Sheehan, B. 2009, What is sustainability?, Control Engineering, [Online], vol. 56, no. 9, pp. 12. sidana, payal, S, S., Debarshi, singh, ojasvii pratap, Msuya, S.M. and Charles, G.L. (2015) Business. Available at: http://keydifferences.com/difference-between-centralization-and-decentralization.html (Accessed: 15 January 2017). In-text citations: (sidana et al., 2015) Social sustainability (2017) Available at: https://www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/our-work/social (Accessed: 12 January 2017). In-text citations: (Social sustainability, 2017) Steven Peck and Robert Gibson, Pushing the Revolution, in Alternatives Journal, Vol. 26, No. 1 (Winter 2000). The Climate Group (2013) THE CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANISATION t/a annual report and accounts 2013/14 12 months to 30 June 2014 board of trustees report. Available at: https://www.theclimategroup.org/sites/default/files/archive/files/The-Climate-Change-Organisation-Consolidated-Accounts-13-14_FINAL-SIGNED.pdf (Accessed: 18 January 2017). The Water Project (2016) Global water shortage: Water scarcity the importance of water. Available at: https://thewaterproject.org/water-scarcity/ (Accessed: 18 January 2017). United Nations (2012) The Paris Agreement main page. Available at: http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9485.php (Accessed: 18 January 2017). United Nations (2016) Climate change. Available at: http://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/climate-change/index.html (Accessed: 18 January 2017). Waddock, S. and Rasche, A. (2012) Building the responsible enterprise: Where vision and values add value. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=NA-zW_dSP3sCoi=fndpg=PR5dq=define+responsible+enterpriseots=gd_Gqz5Osxsig=CU30GdsB8tp7XRDFh1p7gr3w6Jc#v=onepageq=define%20responsible%20enterprisef=false (Accessed: 7 January 2017). In-text citations: (Waddock and Rasche, 2012 WADHAM, H., 2016. Responsible Enterprise Lecture 1: Introduction, 5T5Z0011_1617_9Z5F. [PowerPoint Presentation]. Responsible Enterprise Lecture 1: Introduction. Responsible Enterprise. Manchester Metropolitan University, All Saints Business School, 26 September. Available from: https://moodle.mmu.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=76103 [Accessed 27 December 2016]. Welsh Government (2015)  £2m boost for Welsh SMEs to develop tailor made solutions for challenges facing the public sector. Available at: http://gov.wales/newsroom/businessandeconomy/2015/151204-boost-for-smes/?lang=en (Accessed: 18 January 2017). Wetherly, P. and Otter, D. (eds.) (2014) The business environment: Themes and issues in a globalizing world. 3rd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Case Study: A Italian Restaurant In East London Case Study: A Italian Restaurant In East London The nature of the project is starting a Italian restaurant in east London. We decided a place which is Mile end. Restaurants are one of the most highly regulated businesses. According to the National Restaurant Association, the restaurant /industry sales are expected to reach a record $537 billion in 2007 and there are approximately 935,000 restaurant-and-food service outlets. With 12.8 million employees, the industry is the largest employer. In order to open restaurant, I need to do first business plan. Project objectives Opening new Mezzo-Mezzo Restaurant in Mile End area will meet the following set of objectives: Achievement of companys objective which includes maximisation of shareholders wealth. Fulfil its growth organically. Accomplishing customers requirement such as easy access to our Restaurant and good customer services. Industry Analysis Although the restaurant industry is very competitive, the lifestyle changes created by modern living continue to fuel its steady growth. More and more people have less time, resources, and ability to cook for themselves. Trends are very important and this restaurant is well positioned for the current interest in lighter, healthier foods at moderate to low prices. The Restaurant Industry Today The food service business is the third largest industry in the country. It accounts for over $240 billion annually in sales. The independent restaurant accounts for 15% of that total. The average American spends 15% of his/her income on meals away from home. This number has been increasing for the past seven years. In the past five years the restaurant industry has out-performed the national GNP by 40%. The reasons given by the Folkney Report (November 1994) are 1) lifestyle changes, 2) economic climate, and 3) increase of product variety. There are 600 new restaurants opening every month and over 200 more needed to keep pace with increasing demand. Future Trends Strategic Opportunities The predicated growth trend is very positive both in short and long-term projections. Folkney states again that as modern living creates more demands, people will be compelled to eat more meals away from home. The DMR Industrial Report (April 1995) estimates this as high as 30% over the next five years. In 1988 The National Restaurant Association released the Foodservice Industry 2000 report that forecasted how the industry might look in the year 2000. Some highlights from the panels findings: Consumers will spend a greater proportion of their food dollar away from home. Independent operators and entrepreneurs will be the main source of new restaurant concepts. Nutritional concerns will be critical at all types of foodservice operations, and food flavours will be important. Environmental concerns will receive increased attention. Feasibility Study Financial Feasibility A Financial Feasibility study is an assessment of the financial aspects of something. This project has been assessed in terms of its financial feasibility and it viability in terms of cost and benefit analysis. The benefit that can be derived from this project will outweighs it initial cost. Taking into account performance of restaurant with similar size in Wembley area, I have used those performances as to project the expected cash flows where on average they both generate  £10,000 per week. Since this will be likely because of the recent economic situation, but an am optimistic that this store will be able to general  £10,000 per week. Operational Feasibility I recommends that this restaurant will be able to achieved these targeted payback period of five months to recoup the initial investment. This analysis has been shown below: Revenue per month:  £78,350/5 =  £15,670 Revenue per staff per operating hours:  £78,350/ (10*8) =  £980 as part of company training policy, all staff will be well trained to deliver excellent customer service standard. Revenue per week:  £15,670/5 = £3,134 Social and Environment Feasibility I have undertaken a market a market research and environment scanning to ascertain whether there will be interest on our restaurant, what is the demographic settlement like in terms of food. My study indicated that most people will like our food because we will provide different kind of variety. Timescale In order to open a restaurant, we need to prepare business plan first. It will take around 1 month. About finding location and finding restaurant name will take 1 month. Finance the business will take 2 month because sometimes it takes time. Installation of electricity and equipment will take also 1 to 2 month. And last we need to obtain business licence. Task-1.2 SWOT Analysis SWOT Analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favourable and unfavourable to achieving that objective. Strengths Brand equity The Restaurant location ( Mile End area ) Consistency of food We will offers consumers choice, reasonable value and great service Price is cheaper than others We have take-away option We have different menu items Weakness Quality and taste of products Our restaurant is new and not established Our restaurant has poor disabled facilities We have limited funds Opportunities A new office complex is being built near by A new housing development is planned Threats The high street brand is moving into the area A main competitor has lowered their prices Our operating costs are set to increase PEST Analysis PEST analysis stands for Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis and describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management. Political Factors This relates to direct impact of political influences and it impacts our project. In the case of this project local council will support to our business because it will create jobs as well as optimize councils tax revenue. Especially creating job is a major priority for the national government so they will be in support of the project. And also there will be less political risk that will affect this project such as government rejection of the propose moved, increased in tax at present time in very unlikely. Economic Factors The general economic environment shows that spending level among some people individual will fall due to difficulty in gaining credit but most young people with relative disposable income can at least spend and these are the people we are targeting. Social Factors Social factors include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safety. In this area I have undertaken a market research and environment scanning to ascertain whether there will be interest on our restaurant food. My study indicated that most people are Asian in Wembley area and will be interested in our Asian. . Technological Factors Technological factors include ecological and environmental aspects, such as RD activity, automation, technology incentives and the rate of technological change. Here the impact of technological changes which we already possessed will help the company to gain competitive advantages such as e-commerce. Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholder Analysis is a vital tool for identifying those people, groups and organisations that have significant and legitimate interests in specific urban issues. Clear understanding of the potential roles and contributions of the many different stakeholders is a fundamental prerequisite for a successful participatory urban Governance process, and stakeholder analysis is a basic tool for achieving this understanding. The Stakeholders are; Customers Suppliers Employees Shareholders Customers Each of the stakeholders will have different expectation of an organisation. They try to engage with customers. They provide sales information, monthly monitoring of views. Their customer question time meeting help to identify and respond to changing customers needs. Suppliers The relationship of interests between an organisation and its suppliers can be seen as very similar to that between the organisation and its customers, but reversed. They do regular visits, meeting and discussions with suppliers. They have direct relationships with important raw material suppliers. Suppliers stock the business with all its business supplies. Suppliers may want an increase in wages. Suppliers have an interest in ongoing and mutually beneficial business relationships, and they expect to be paid on time. Employees The Company try to engage with employees. They have many ways such as internal communications including an employee magazine and regular business updates. Employees many want an increase in pay rise. Staffs have a very big interest in the business in the form of wages, bonuses, discounts and holidays pensions. Employees interests may be seen as the assertion of certain rights deriving from what is seen to be acceptable in the way in which employees are treated within society. Shareholders The Company have shareholders. They do collection of feedback questions from individual shareholders. Shareholders are the owners of a company. Their only real involvement in the organisation will be at the Annual General Meeting, when they are called upon to approve, by a vote, the overall direction of the organisation and the senior management team responsible for achieving that direction. Oftentimes, the only difference between floating and drowning is the direction. Without restaurant financial analysis, a restaurant may be face down without even knowing it. Restaurant financial analysis analyzes performance metrics such as profits and losses, cash flow, cost of sales and cost of labour. By assessing this data, operators can evaluate their finances and establish systems and structures to keep their restaurant afloat. Restaurant financial analysis performance metrics Profits and losses Whether we are produced monthly or weekly, profit and loss statements give restaurant operators a broad overview of their sales history. But the information only becomes useful when broken down to reflect, cost of sales, cost of labor and other overhead costs. A restaurant financial analysis assesses profits and losses with a critical eye to determine specific areas that should be improved upon. Cost of sales A restaurants cost of sales, sometimes referred to as cost of goods, is the sum of all expenses associated with producing the menu items. Should food costs be running at 20 percent or 40 percent? The answer can vary depending on a restaurants positioning (fast casual, casual or upscale) and menu mix. Restaurant financial analysis can help operators determine where their cost of sales should be by building theoretical food and beverage costs. Cost of labour Cost of labour is another contributor to cost of sales. A fine line exists between overstaffing a restaurant and scheduling enough employees to run a restaurant effectively. Sensible scheduling and employee productivity are the best ways to control cost of labour. In addition, tools should be available to assess mid-shift needs. Many restaurateurs are reluctant to phase out employees in a timely fashion. Restaurant financial analysis can review payroll reports, sales reports and customer counts to optimize scheduling and productivity and decrease cost of labour. When to undergo restaurant financial analysis Opening a new restaurant When opening a restaurant, restaurateurs can use financial analysis to predict their success. A restaurant financial consultant can draft a five-year plan and financial forecast based on industry and segment standards. Financial analysis can also be used to establish financial systems for a new restaurant. Controls for cash handling, inventory, payroll and daily sales reconciliations should be established well in advance of a restaurant opening. By implementing these systems early in the game, a restaurant can effectively monitor them, giving it a greater chance of succeeding financially. Purchasing an existing restaurant Before purchasing an existing restaurant concept, restaurateurs should conduct financial analysis and feasibility studies to determine the profitability potential of the operation. This can be estimated by evaluating patterns and trends in the restaurants past performance and estimating the effect of anticipated changes. Running an operating restaurant Restaurant financial analysis is not just for new operations. Generally, it is most beneficial for restaurants already in operation. Whether a restaurant has been in business for a year or 20, financial analysis can help identify losses and hidden costs. That information will help establish appropriate financial systems or refine existing ones to keep money from slipping through the cracks. Who can perform a restaurant financial analysis? Restaurant financial analysis shouldnt be performed by just any financial consultant. It is best to work with a consultant that specializes within the restaurant industry. The main goal of restaurant financial analysis is to help operators understand how their restaurant can become more profitable. A restaurant-specific consultant can explain the analysis process and their findings in terms that restaurant operators will understand. A financial consultant will know the target performance metrics for specific restaurant categories and the industry as a whole. They can provide guidance for the selection and implementation of point-of-sale and accounting systems and show operators how to get optimum results from these systems. A financial consultant can help restaurant operators build the necessary tools to pull and analyze their own financial reports. Ultimately, financial analysis should be ongoing, becoming an everyday part of a restaurants thinking. Restaurant financial analysis doesnt just keep a restaurant afloat, it helps their business soar. Task-1.3 Market Competitively and Activity This project will fit the business strategic of the restaurant because it will help gain competitive advantage, create new market for potential customers, gain market share in as well as responding to changes in business environment, increase profitability, establish local branch, obtaining new customers, expansion of business and improve companys image which could be achieved since there is an existing market gap which we can fill via Ansoffs matrix. Marketing Analysis shows that this project will make the business more competitive in the following ways: Demographic population: In west London area, the population is very high. There are many Asian restaurants available in the area. And the all restaurants provide good services and good food. Food variety: The social society will be interested in our food because we will provide variety in the food along with music. Market gap: the economic feasibility have highlighted that our competitors are doing well in these area. Industry Trends Studying industry trends is one of the first steps in conducting a market analysis. It will help you identify opportunities and threats in the industry that may affect your profitability. Consider the following Food Service Industry 2000 Trends, reported by the National Restaurant Association: Consumers will spend a greater portion of their food dollars away from home; Competition in the food service industry will be more intense as growth continues; Major food service chains will increase their shares of both sales and units; Independent operators will be the main source of new restaurant concepts; Nutritional concerns will be critical at all types of food service operations; and Service will become a more important point of differentiation. Industry Tends Checklists: Growth in Industry Sales Quick-service vs. table-service Chain vs. Independent Types of restaurants (steakhouses, ethnic) Catering Deli, bakery and takeout operations Monthly/seasonal dining out patterns Industry sales outlook Market Demand Economic trends Consumer confidence Demographic trends Food away from home trends Factors that motivate one to dine out Eating habits of different market segments Menu Preferences Appetizers/soups Entrees Sandwiches Desserts Nutritional concerns Menu pricing Alcoholic beverage consumption Vegetarian trends Restaurant Success Factors New and popular concepts/themes Customer service innovations Pricing practices Food production methods Labour saving techniques Debt-to-Sales ratios and other statistics Legislative and Regulatory Issues Business meal tax deductibility Health insurance Wage and hour requirements Americans with Disabilities Act Competitive Strategy There are three major ways in which we will create an advantage over our competitors; product identity, quality, and novelty high employee motivation and good sales attitude Innovative and aggressive service options The restaurant will be the only restaurant among all the competition which focuses the entire menu on healthy, low-fat cooking. Each of the competitors offers at least one healthy selection on their menu. The target market will perceive the restaurant as the destination location for healthy, low-fat cooking. The main points are Pricing, Location, Reputation, Image/Brand, Choice/Variety, Service and Atmosphere. References www.essortment.com www.awib.org www.mplans.com www.virtualrestaurant.com http://www.bplans.co.uk/steak_buffet_restaurant_business_plan/financial_plan_fc.cfm Part 2 Task 2.1 Resources Materials: Rented property from an individual landlord in west London as a perfect location for the new restaurant to be open, this is critical factor in terms of visibility and easy access of the restaurant for our customers. Equipments: Different kinds of restaurant will require different kinds of equipment. Typically equipment needed to open a restaurant includes a service kitchen (oven, microwave, heat lamps, prep tables and dish washer, fryers, boilers, refrigerators (table, chairs, spoon, glasses and cash registers). Labour: Ten staff normal standard hours (8 hours per day) and contractors the fixed day of work for one month. Finance: Most banks and lenders require you to put some of your own money into the business and contrary to popular belief, they do lend money for businesses. The project financed can be source from long term borrowing from bank in Iceland of  £50,000 to finance the project deliverables. Cost Associated With Resources These are one-off capital cost required immediately to deliver project deliverables. Materials: property rent in west London area will requires a normal rental agreement with the landlord. A deposit of  £15,550 plus one months rent in advance including council tax will be require total  £32,350. Equipments: Kitchen equipment will cost  £10,000, boiler will cost  £2000, till and it maintenance will cost  £12000 and general things e.g. tables, chairs will coat  £8000. Labour: External contractors for refurbishment are expected at  £12,500 this will includes: electrician, refurbishing the restaurant and painting the restaurant. Sources of Finance The project financed can be source from long term borrowing from bank of  £78,350 to finance the project deliverables. They could be approach on the based that this project will recoup its initial investment within four months time; and that revenue generate can be used to pay of principal loan plus interest. Budget for the Project This project has been budgeted on the grounds of Zero based budgeting which involves identification of tasks to be performed and then funding resources to complete the task independent of current resourcing it ensure that resources are efficiently allocated. The project budgets have been made on this bases with each cost justify in terms of their usage in the project: Resources £ CostMaterials32,350Equipments32,000Labour12,500Miscellaneous expenses1,500Total78,350 Cost Benefit Analysis Cost Benefit Analysis is typically used by governments to evaluate the desirability of a given intervention; it is an analysis of the cost effectiveness of different alternatives in order to see whether the benefits outweigh the costs. The aim is to gauge the efficiency of the intervention relative to the status quo. The costs and benefits of the impacts of an intervention are evaluated in terms of the publics willingness to pay for them (benefits) or willingness to pay to avoid them (costs). Inputs are typically measured in terms of opportunity costs the value in their best alternative use. The guiding principle is to list all of the parties affected by an intervention, and place a monetary value of the effect it has on their welfare as it would be valued by them. Years0123Present value78,3503,90,1801,090,8601,072,163Probability50%50%50%Certainty equivalent1,95,0905,45,4305,36,082D.F 9%1.0000.8800.9450.820Present value(75,000)1,71,6795,15,4314,39,587NPV £10,51,697The project is viable because it will yields to shareholder wealth creation of about  £2.01 million in three years time. However incorporating rick to the cash flows using certainty equivalent, and for the fact that current economic climate in terms of spending will affect all industries, I am certain that the 50% of the cash flows will be generated in each of the years. This is show below: Most restaurants use a system of 12-month or 13 four-week periods to track their annual budget. By breaking the budget down into these types of sections, it is easier to see when money is moving in and out of the restaurant. Anticipate Your Costs In the restaurant, budgeting is often a game of balancing costs and income. In fact, a budget is much like a profit and loss (PL) statement extended over a longer period of time. Be prepared to account for the following costs in your annual budget: Rent or mortgage payments Taxes Insurance Labor/payroll Utilities Loan payments Operational supplies Repairs and maintenance Marketing Training Food service professionals suggest that you plan to spend about 30 percent of your budget on food, 25 percent on labour, 10 percent on rent or mortgage, and 3 percent on utilities.1 The rest goes in small parts to operational expenses, marketing, taxes, maintenance and other variable costs. These are simply estimated guidelines to follow, as every restaurants expenses and budget are different. Look below for a graphical representation of these suggested expenditures: Know Your Breakeven Point . It is the bare minimum amount of sales the restaurant operation needs to bring in to survive. It is important to know your restaurants breakeven point so that future financial decisions can be made in hopes of making a reasonable profit. Analyze Your Financials Every Period Examining your PL and your budget on a weekly and monthly basis will help you keep your bases covered in terms of realizing your expenses and income. Evaluate your budgeted operating expenses and your actual expenses, as well as the net profit you anticipated and what your restaurant actually made. Make a note of any areas in which your expenses exceeded your budgeted amount. When budgeting for the year, especially if you are doing so for the first time, it helps to have a budget worksheet. Download a sample budget worksheet to your own back office computer. Cost of Goods Sold The cost of goods sold was determined by taking actual Profit and Loss statements from various restaurant concepts and then using our pricing structure and guest counts to arrive at costs. Management Payroll Figures are based upon the use of five managers per unit at our maximum bonus and salary levels. If we use four managers per restaurant, this will lower our payroll. Fixed and Variable Expenses The various fixed and variable expenses were determined by taking actual numbers from several different restaurant concepts. Marketing Fees These funds will be used for the production of various marketing materials. Advertising These funds will be used, if necessary, to maintain our sales at projected levels. If we are running significantly ahead of our sales projections, then these funds may not be necessary. Management Fees We will use these pounds for accounting and payroll services of our firm. As we grow in size, this cost burden will shrink per store due to efficiencies in volume. Important Assumptions The financial plan depends on important assumptions, most of which are shown in the following table as annual assumptions. The monthly assumptions are included in the appendix. Interest rates, tax rates, and personnel burden are based on conservative assumptions. Some of the more important underlying assumptions are: We assume a strong economy, without a major recession. We assume, of course, that there are no unforeseen changes in consumers tastes or interests to make our concept less competitive. Introduction This report is concerned staff training and development it related cost associated to this project. The company sales force plays a vital role in delivering better customer services and each member have different training needs depending our their position. The companys their future depends on nurturing great individual talent and providing an environment where staff can flourish personally and professionally. Successful training will help to develop the following skills. Deliver excellent customers Well motivated Increase morale Improved job and staff performance. Recruitment takes place from the point when a business decides that it needs to employ somebody up to the point where a pile of completed application forms has arrived in the post. Selection then involves choosing an appropriate candidate through a range of ways of sorting out suitable candidates leading to interviews and other tests. Training involves providing a range of planned activities that enable an employee to develop the skills, attitudes and knowledge required by the organisation and the work required. A job description is also helpful because it sets out: The job description can be sent out to potential candidates along with a person specification, which sets out the desirable and essential characteristics that someone will need to have to be appointed to the post. A variety of media will be used to attract applications e.g. national newspapers for national jobs, and local papers and media for local posts. Objectives of Training and Development The main objectives of staff training and development are to improve the qualities of the trainee, formulation of objectives for different needs and ways of achieving it. The training objective is very important because it determines the designed and content of the training programmes. Contents of the training remain the same no matter the type of training involved. It is to increase personnel efficiency, professional growth and smooth and more effective organizations operations. Methods of Training and Development On the job training/coaching: This relates to formal training on the job. A worker becomes experienced on the job over time due to modification of job behaviours at the point of training or acquisition of skills. Induction/orientation: This is carried out for new entrants on the job to make them familiar with the total corporate requirements like norms, ethics, values, rules and regulations. Apprenticeship: A method of training where an unskilled person understudies a skilled person. Demonstration: Teaching by example, whereby the skilled worker performs the job and the unskilled closely observes so as to understand the job. Vestibule: This is done through industrial attachment for the purpose of skills and technology transfer. It is therefore achieved through placement of an individual within another area of relevant work or organization. The effect is the acquisition of practical and specialized skills. Formal Training: A practical and theoretical teaching process which could be done within or outside an organization. When training is carried out inside an organization, it is called an in-house training. Off-house training is carried out in professionalized training areas like: Universities, Polytechnics and Professional Institutes. Cost of Training and Development The cost of training will be the time of each individual at their contracted hourly rate for the two days which will last for three hours a day. . However management training will cost the company in terms of travelling, refreshments, days attended, guaranteed hours of eight hours. Plan and Agreed Timescale for this Project The plan and agreed timescale for the management and implementation of the project, services and process are detail below using Gantt chart below: The Plan and Implementation of this Project is show in chart below: Activities Obtain business licence Installation of electricity No. Of MonthsTask to be Achieved1 Prepare business plan1Finding a location2Finance the business1Finding restaurant name1Installation of Equipment1Installation of electricity and CCTV1Obtain business licence Installation of equipment and CCTV Finding restaurant name Finance the business Finding a location Prepare a business plan 1 2 3 4 5 6 Months Prepare Business Plan To prepare for

Military force and promoting humanitarian values

Military force and promoting humanitarian values This essay will argue that military force is an ineffective instrument for the promotion of humanitarian values. However, this is qualified by also presenting reasons for discounting the effectiveness of non-military interventions. This essay will be structured as follows. The first sections will confront methodological issues that have to be addressed before the question can be answered. Following this we will embark on a comparison of military and non-military interventions. The essay will evaluate a paradigm case of a successful operation, Australia in East Timor. We will argue it is anomalous and can barely qualify as a genuine intervention. We then see a true case of an intervention, Afghanistan, and conclude that this constitutes a failure of a military promotion of humanitarian values. We will then move onto evaluate two cases of non-military interventions, UN Resolutions and economic sanctions. It will be argued that UN sanctions are impotent, with reference to the actions of Israel. The essay will then examine the sanctions placed on Iraq, and argue that they caused a greater humanitarian crisis than any hitherto encountered intervention. The essay will conclude with reasons why one should refrain from drawing methodological precepts from previous interventions, and advocates a case-by-case analysis. It is important to limit the scope of this debate. First of all, I will not be discussing issues such as the legitimacy of military force being used in national liberation movements with the discussion instead focusing on third party military intervention. There are questions that further need to be addressed: Firstly, what constitutes military force? Is it the mere presence of military personnel (e.g. UN Peacekeeping forces), or does it have to be active military participation? Secondly, what are humanitarian values? Thirdly, how does one measure the promotion of such values? Is there a quantifiable way to ask whether their promotion has been effective? Fourthly, are there case studies which can be turned to in order to address the question? If there has never been a genuinely humanitarian intervention, then it will be impossible to assess the success of such an endeavour. In response to the first question, it is simpler to treat all military interventions of the same ilk. Consider the criteria set out by the Red Cross (1997), arguing that a prerequisite for an intervention to be humanitarian it has to be neutral, impartial and independent. The position of the Red Cross is that no armed force could satisfy these requirements backed as they are by political governments with their own agenda. If one finds this cogent, then there is no prima facie reason for discerning between mercenary, state-backed and UN organisations[1]. In regards to humanitarian values, and how to measure their effectiveness, to find a view backed by consensus is almost impossible. We confront positions as diverse as simple, utilitarian measurements of the amount of people whose lives have been saved (Janzekovic, 2006: 144) to more specific positions such as Regan (1996: 341-342) who claims that an intervention can be deemed successful if it destabilises the region in such a way, so that it is more difficult for the oppressing-state to continue with its human rights violations. This position would not use a short-term measurement such as deaths to measure the success of an intervention. However, I shall err on the simpler measurement. This is simply due to that the measurement of injuries, fatalities and abuses in a conflict is a simpler tool of analysis, rather than a vague notion such as favourable destabilisation[2]. Finally, as to whether there has been a genuine humanitarian intervention, the answer seems to be negative[3]. Regardless of whether or not one agrees with the historical analysis in the books cited, there is an explanatory problem for believers in genuine intervention, which is the sporadic and inconsistent use of such interventions. This is what Paris (2014: 578-588) calls the inconsistency problem. The thrust of the problem is that such inconsistent use of military intervention in regards to humanitarian crises implies that there is more tha n just selfless means motivating the intervenors. Although other factors affect the ability to intervene (Binder: 2009), there is a strong motivation that, when combined with the historical record, humanitarian intervention is a misnomer. However, let us leave this issue to the side. What we shall discuss now is the following: Do military interventions for nominally humanitarian ends, save more lives than non-military means for the same ends? Let us examine some of the paradigmatic cases of successful military intervention. One often cited is the success of the Australian intervention in East Timor in 1999. The intervention was required due to the Indonesian governments oppressive measures used to quell an East Timorese population insistent on independence from Jakarta. During the referendum campaign, there was widespread use of militia intimidation to quell support for independence, accompanied by widespread human rights violations. The actions of the Indonesian forces resulted in the displacement of around 40,000 – 85,000 East Timorese (T. Seybolt, 2007: 88.)). The success of the Australian military has been praised by some, such as Wheeler and Dunne (2001) who took such success as totalling almost a paradigm shift on the effectiveness and new normative perspective of a humanitarian intervention (contrasting it with the collusion of the United States in the violent occupation of the East Timor in 1975 (Amnesty In ternational, 1985). However, although the Australian intervention is largely considered successful, unfortunately, it does not meet the criteria of a humanitarian intervention. Humanitarian interventions, under most definitions (Roberts, 2003:5) have to be a military action without the consent of the oppressing power, in this case, Indonesia. However, as is noted by Chesterman (2002), Australia sought the consent of the Indonesian government, before intervening. The Australian government of the 5th of September said that they would only consider intervention if four conditions were met: (i) there was a security council mandate, (ii) if the Indonesian government consented, (iii) if the endeavour was a short term one, and (iv) if the force had a strong regional component Wheeler and Dunne (ibid p.807). What makes the fact that consent was sought from Indonesia considerably stranger was the fact that, apart from Australia, the international community did not believe that Indonesia had any rights over East Timor, with East Timor being internationally considered to be an independent state. As Chesterman goes onto note as well, that, although it is often cited to be an example of successful intervention, the fact remains that the international community displayed great reticence in intervening (contrasted with their enthusiasm regarding Bosnia). Chesterman concludes that if Australia had not intervened, no one else would have (Chesterman 2002:181)) There are also significant reasons that the reason for Australian intervention were hardly impartial either, as Chesterman also notes that the Howard Government of Australia was probably more worried about the influx of refugees that would come from such a crisis (a point which is corroborated by Gonzalez-Forester (2004), who documents Australia and other countries previous ambivalences to violent Indonesian actions towards the East-Timorese.) This case study appears to support the question posed in the affirmative, as once the Australian forces intervened, the extent of the massacres and expropriations stopped considerably. Thus, there does appear to be some motivation for considering military intervention a useful technique. However, there are also other considerable problems by extrapolating from this example. First of all, the Indonesian forces consented to their intervention, so the Australians were entering a comparatively un-hostile environment, and secondly, this fact is bolstered by the generally warm relations between Australia and Indonesia. In order for us to extrapolate from this example, we would have to see how well interventions perform in a country which does not openly consent to the intervention from a third party. Such an example would be Afghanistan, a country that has twice been intervened by hostile forces supporting apparently humanitarian goals (both Russia (1979-1989) and the United States (2001- Ongoing)). Both of these interventions have had the nominal motivation of humanitarian ends, and both have, to some extent worked towards them. In the case of the Russian intervention, it seems to be that the attempt to intervene has failed, despite the attempt to implement progressive policies (Bennis, 2015). The report cited documents how their attempts to implement progressive policies in the rural areas of Afghanistan provoked widespread rebellion, thus making the humanitarian situation considerably worse. The United States intervention initially seemed to be a more intelligent intervention, with there being a pronouncement of the military intervention being accompanied by humanitarian aid drops. However, as Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) note, the aid packages of food (which only occurred a round once a month) shared the same yellow packaging as cluster bombs, which led to a number of casualties (Calas and Salignon: 2004, p. 82.) Asides from that, there also seems to be strong reports that human rights are being abused by militant forces which the united states support. For example, the New York Times have reported on a massacre occurring in Dasht-E-Leili, where Afghan Soldiers killed Taliban POWs on their route to Sheberghen Prison (Gall, 2001).this directly violates Article 13 of the Geneva Convention regarding the treatment of POWs (ICRC, 1949). Incidents such as this are indicative of a failed intervention, in regards to the promotion of explicitly humanitarian values. Although the indefinite extension of the US-Afghanistan war means that any conclusion might seem premature, the track record of the past 14 years indicates that military interventions do not promote humanitarian ends if the members of the occupying country do not welcome it. We have thus encountered compelling reasons to dismiss the effectiveness of military means for promoting humanitarian ends. What is now necessary is to contrast this with the effectiveness of non-military interventions. We shall examine two such examples: UN declarations and economic sanctions. We shall conclude that both are ineffective: UN declarations are ineffective without military support, and economic sanctions can exacerbate already precarious situations. In regards to the first point, there does seem to be a strong case for this. Consider, for example, the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territory in the West Bank and Gaza, as well as their occupation of the Golan Heights in Syria. All of these violate international law, and violate UN sanctions (Hammon, 2010)). However, this does not seem to have deterred the Israeli government from refraining from the maintenance of such illegal activities, nor does it seem to have any force in preventing further breaches of internationa l law. Secondly, consider the economic sanctions that were placed on Iraq in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait implemented by United Nations Security Council Resolution 661 (S/RES/661 (1990)) These sanctions are considered to have some of the most disastrous humanitarian results of recent history. The result of these sanctions have resulted in UNICEF reporting around 500,000 Iraqi children under the age of 5 dying (an increase of over 4,000 deaths a month compared to before the sanctions were enforced) (Edwards, 2000) In fact, the oil-for-food program has had effects that compelled the organiser of the program, Denis Halliday, to resign, calling the program genocidal. The fact that this resignation at such a senior level in the UN is almost unprecedented is remarkable in and of itself. What makes this fact more remarkable is due to the fact that the person assigned to replace him, Hans von Sponeck, also resigned from the post, citing similar reasons (ibid.) A counter-point co uld be raised here, to the effect that it was not so much the food-for-oil program itself that was the problem, but rather the insufficiencies of the program in light of the bombing campaign that almost crippled Iraqs infrastructure. For example, Eric Hoskins claimed that [the bombing campaign] effectively terminated everything vital to human survival in Iraq – electricity, water, sewage systems, agriculture, industry and health care (Curtis, 1995: 189). Thus, the point could be raised that this should be cited as a failure of military intervention, rather than non-violent. This point is a strong one, yet the cataclysmic consequences were not invoked by the bombing campaign, rather it was the sanctions which prevented the rebuilding which precipitated a humanitarian disaster. It is difficult to equate the success and failure of these positions, as they are often used in tandem, and it becomes difficult to dissociate what could be indications of mere incompetence, from the mor e malice invocations of the doctrine of realpolitik. In conclusion, it is difficult to ascertain the effectiveness of military force. This is because paradigmatically successful operations, such as East Timor do not qualify. The possibility of a further answer is complicated due to the fact that the Israel-Palestine conflicts demonstrates the impotence of non-military means without the possibility of an armed intervention. Yet, the fact that condemnations are powerless also does not help us answer the question: Afghanistan shows how a militarily backed campaign can make a military solution to legitimate grievances considerably worse, and yet Iraq shows us how economic sanctions also exacerbate precarious scenarios. It seems to be that to offer an answer regarding the effectiveness of this-or-that method is premature, and universal laws determining efficacy should be replaced with a case-by-case analysis. Footnotes 1 For a response to this, see Janzekovic (2006, p.130). For a more methodological reason regarding the difficulty of providing meaningful distinctions between forms of intervention, see Raymond (2015. p.295-298) 2 For example, did the UN sanctions against Iraq in response to their invasion of Kuwait destabilise Saddam? It is not obvious to say. 3 For why interventions previous to World War I were not humanitarian, see Losurdo (2014) For why interventions post- World War II were not humanitarian see Blum (2003) Bibliography Amnesty International. (1985) East Timor Violations of Human Rights: Extrajudicial Executions, Disappearances, Torture and Political Imprisonment, 1975–1984. London: Amnesty International Publications. Bennis, P. (2015) Afghanistan in: Assange, J. The WikiLeaks Files: The World According to US Empire. New York: Verso Books. Pp. 368-394 Blum, W. (2003) Killing hope: US military and CIA interventions since World War II. London: Zed Books Calas, F. and Salignon, P. (2004) Afghanistan: From Militant Monks to Crusaders. In: Weissman In the Shadow of Just Wars, Weissman, ed. London: Hurts and Co. Chesterman, S. (2002) Just War or Just Peace? Oxford: Oxford University Press Curtis, M. (1995) The ambiguities of power: British foreign policy since 1945. London: Zed books. Edwards, D. (2000) An Interview with Denis Halliday. Media Lens. [Online] 16th May. Available at: http://www.medialens.org/index.php/alerts/interviews/77-an-interview-with-denis-halliday.html. [Accessed 19th October 2015] Gall, C. (2001) Study Hints at Mass Killing by the Taliban. New York Times [Online] May 1st Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/01/world/study-hints-at-mass-killing-of-the-taliban.html [Accessed 19th October 2015] Gonzalez-Foerster, G. (2004). East Timor: Better Late Than Never. In: Weissman. Ed. In the Shadow of Just Wars, . London: Hurts and Co. 25-42. Hammond, J.R. (2010) Rogue State: Israels violations of UN Security Council resolutions Foreign Policy Journal. [Online] 27th January. Available at: http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2010/01/27/rogue-state-israeli-violations-of-u-n-security-council-resolutions/. [Accessed 19th October 2015] International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (1997) Can Military Intervention and Humanitarian Action Coexist? World Disasters Report. Oxford: Oxford University Press International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) (1949), Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (Fourth Geneva Convention), 12 August, 75 UNTS 287, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36d2.html. [Accessed 19 October 2015] Janzekovic, J. (2006) The use of force in humanitarian intervention: morality and practicalities. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., Losurdo, D. (2014) Liberalism: a counter-history. London: Verso Books. Paris, R. (2014) The Responsibility to Protectand the Structural Problems of Preventive Humanitarian Intervention. International Peacekeeping 21.5: 569-603. Raymond, D (2015). Military Means of Preventing Mass Atrocities. In Rosenberg, S. Galis, T. Zucker A. eds. 2015: Reconstructing Atrocity Prevention. New York: Cambridge University Press. Pp.295- 320 Regan, P M. (1996) Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts. Journal of Conflict Resolution 40.2: 336-359 Roberts, A. (2002) The So-Called Right of Humanitarian Intervention, in Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2000, 3. The Hgue: T.M.C Asser. Seybolt, T B. (2007) Humanitarian military intervention: the conditions for success and failure. Oxford: Oxford University Press. UN Security Council, Resolution 661 (1990) Adopted by the Security Council at its 2933rd meeting, on 6 August 1990, 6 August 1990, S/RES/661 (1990), available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f16b24.html [accessed 25 October 2015] Wheeler, N. and Dunne, T. (2001) East Timor and the New Humanitarian Interventionism, International Affairs, 77, 4, pp. 805–27.